Ch 29 The Collapse of the Old Order

1. Ch 29 The Collapse of the Old Order 1929–1949

2. The Stalin Revolution

3. Five-Year Plans • Stalin set about the task of industrializing the Soviet Union in such a way as to increase the power of the Communist Party domestically and to increase the power of the Soviet Union in relation to other countries.

4. Industrial Production • Emphasis on development of major industries (oil, coal, steel, electricity) • Lack of attention to production of consumer goods (housing, clothing, furniture) • Persistent shortages • Use of forced labor to meet industrial targets Steel workers

5. Collectivization of Agriculture • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcumJNNX0qc

6. The Second Five-Year Plan (1933–1937) was originally intended to increase the output of consumer goods • However fear of the Nazi regime in Germany prompted Stalin to shift the emphasis to heavy industries and armaments.

7. Terror and Opportunities • industrialization and collectivization =threats and force. • Stalin used the NKVD (secret police) in order to create a climate of terror

8. Many Soviet citizens supported Stalin’s regime in spite of the fear and hardships. • Stalinism created: • new opportunities for women to join the workforce • obedient, unquestioning people to rise within the ranks of the Communist Party,

10. In the late 1930s the contrast between the economic strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the impression that Stalin’s planned economy was a success.

11. The Depression

12. Economic Crisis • New York stock market October 29, 1929 caused: a chain reaction in which: • consumers cut their purchases • companies laid off workers • small farms failed.

14. On the international scale, the stock-market collapse led New York banks to recall their loans to Germany and Austria, thus ending their payment of reparations to France and Britain, who then could not repay their war loans to the United States

15. In the United States, Britain, and France, governments used economic programs. • In Germany and Japan, radical politicians devoted their economies to military build-up,

16. Depression in Nonindustrial Regions • The Depression spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin American • India and China were not dependent on foreign trade and thus were little affected. • In Latin America the Depression led to the establishment of military dictatorships

18. Southern Africa boomed during the 1930s. • The increasing value of gold and the relatively cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo led to a mining boom that benefited European and South African mine owners.

19. The Rise of Fascism

20. Mussolini’s Italy • In postwar Italy thousands of unemployed veterans and violent youths banded together in fasci di combattimentoto demand action, • Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became leader of the Fascist Party and used the fasci di combattimento to force the government to appoint him to the post of prime minister.

22. In power, Mussolini installed Fascist Party members in all government jobs and crushed all sources of opposition. • Mussolini and the Fascist movement excelled at propaganda and glorified war

24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7CT5TDwxEc

25. Hitler’s Germany • Germany had been hard-hit by: • Treaty of Versailles • The hyperinflation of 1923, and the Depression. • So who do you blame?

26. socialists, Jews, and foreigners

28. ADOLF HITLER

29. ESSENTIAL QUESTION What led to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power and the Nazis ruling Germany?

30. A DICTATOR IS BORN • Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, near Linz, Austria on April 20, 1889

31. KLARA and ALOIS: THE PARENTS OF A MONSTER

32. HITLER AS A YOUTH Adolf was an intelligent child, but a poorly performing student, both of Adolf’s parents died when he was a teenager, leaving him with a modest inheritance; Adolf sought to become an artist LEFT: Hitler at age 13 BELOW: Hitler, part of a church choir group

33. THE YEARS IN VIENNA • In January 1908, the 19 year old Adolf moved to the city of Vienna, the capital of Austria • Adolf tries to enter the Academy of Arts, but is rejected; his audition painting was deemed not good enough THE ACADEMY OF ARTS IN VIENNA

34. SAMPLES OF HITLER’S ART This 1914 painting is titled:"The Courtyard of the Old Residency in Munich." A 1914 painting: "Ruins of a Cloister in Messines."

35. ONE OF HITLER’S GREAT LOVES:THE MUSIC OF RICHARD WAGNER • Adolf enjoyed the opera music of Richard Wagner, whose stirring music glorified Germany and often had warlike themes (such as “Ride of the Valkyries”) • Wagner’s music had a profound effect on the young Adolf Hitler GERMAN COMPOSER RICHARD WAGNER

36. FIRST EXPOSURE TO POLITICS KARL LUEGER GEORG VON SCHOENERER Galician Jews are present in Vienna. As with much of Europe, there are anti-Semitic feelings in Vienna (it was Adolf’s first exposure to anti-Semitism). The politics of Georg von Schoenerer (an anti-Semite) and Vienna’s mayor, Karl Lueger (who said the public would do without freedoms for security), would have an influence on young Hitler.

37. POLITICIZATION OF HITLER Itis while living in Vienna that Adolf first learns of the ideas of mystical German nationalism and the “Aryan ideal”; these ideas would shape the Nazi ideology decades later, as exemplified in this 1930s poster

38. When World War I breaks out, Adolf Hitler finds a purpose; he volunteers to be a soldier for the country he adored: Germany

41. WARTIME SERVICE • Hitler served as a dispatch runner (messenger) on the Western Front, carrying messages from headquarters to the trenches by bicycle. • It was often a dangerous assignment; Hitler was wounded twice in one week in 1916 and sent to Germany to recover. • Awarded medals for bravery (including the Iron Cross), he returned to fight in 1917.

42. AN ANGRY YOUNG MAN • Adolf Hitler never forgot the humiliation that Germany was served at the hands of the Allies. Corporal Hitler (right) with two fellow German soldiers, one of whom is missing a leg

43. As he recovered at a Stettin hospital from eye injuries suffered in an Allied poison gas attack in Ypres, Hitler heard about Germany’s defeat. His reaction: “The burning in my eyes could not match the hate burning in my heart. From that moment, I knew I should enter politics.”

44. Many Germans were disillusioned after the defeat in the Great War and hated the democratic government that took power after WWI (the Weimar Republic) Ex-soldiers like Hitler felt that they had been “stabbed in the back” by Jews and Communists back home in Germany; they felt that they had not been defeated on the battlefield GERMANY AFTER THE GREAT WAR (1919-1923) An anti-Communist poster

45. A SOLDIER WITHOUT A WAR • Hitler learned of the Germans’ destiny as the “master race” and of the “economic conspiracy” of the world’s Jews against the Fatherland • Hitler, now 30 years old, also discovered while at Munich that he had a flair for public speaking, delivering severalpassionate speeches at the local university and transfixing audiences

46. PARTY MEMBER #55 • Hitler agreed with the Nazi’s party’s views and became a member in 1920 • Later on, he became a party leader, recruiting many German soldiers from his barracks; Hitler’s goal was to seize the German Workers’ Party and reshape it to his own ends

47. THE NAZI PARTY With Hitler becoming its new leader, the German Workers’ Party later became the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (in German: Nazional Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei). The party’s name was abbreviated as NSDAP and shortened to “Nazi”

48. THE SWASTIKA

49. NAZI USE OF THE SWASTIKA • The swastika is an ancient symbol that has been used for over 3,000 years by many cultures, representing life, strength, and good luck.