Comma Rules write the following notes as your warm up for today

1. Rule 1: Commas in a compound sentence - Compound sentences are two independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS). • One of the most frequent errors in comma usage is the placement of a comma after a coordinating conjunction. When speaking, we sometimes pause after the conjunction, but there is seldom good reason to put a comma there. Rule 2: Commas in a series - Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases or clauses in a series. • He ate a sandwich, an apple, and a cup of yogurt. • He hit the ball, dropped the bat, and ran to first base. Rule 3: Commas with adjectives - Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank but not adjectives that must stay in a specific order. Hint: if you can put an and or a but between the adjectives without making the sentence sound awkward, a comma probably belongs there. • That tall, distinguished fellow is my father. (You could say “that tall and distinguished fellow” without the sentence sounding awkward. • She is a little old lady. (You would probably NOT say “She is a little and old lady,” so it does not require a comma.) Comma Ruleswrite the following notes as your warm up for today

2. Rule 4: Commas after introductory material- Use a comma to set off introductory words, phrases, or clauses. • Running toward third base, he suddenly realized how stupid he looked. If the introductory element has fewer than five words, it is permissible to omit the comma; however, if there is ever any doubt, use the comma, as it is always correct in this situation. Rule 5: Commas with parenthetical and nonessential expressions –A parenthetical element can be called “added information.” It is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. • Names of people being addressed: Did you know, Tom, that I am a twin? • Certain adverbs: We hoped, however, that the weather would improve. • Common expressions: The outcome, in my opinion, looks bleak. • Contrasting expressions: The scrolls are from China, not Korea. • Nonessential expressions: Jack, a football player, is trying for a scholarship. Alice, now approaching the microphone, will introduce the speaker. Comma Ruleswrite the following notes as your warm up for today

3. Rule 6: Commas for typographical reasons- Use a comma between a city and state [Hartford, Connecticut], a date and the year [June 15, 1997], a name and a title when the title comes after the name [Bob Downey, Professor of English], in long numbers [5,456,783 and $14,682], salutations and closings [Dear Aunt Julia, and Your Loving Niece,], etc. Rule 7: Commas to prevent confusion –This is often a matter of consistently applying rules #4 and 5. • For most the year is already finished. For most, they year is already finished. (Meaning is much clearer.) • Outside the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. (Meaning is much clearer.) • Along with Bobby Ray is going to the concert. Along with Bobby, Ray is going to the concert. (Meaning is much clearer.) Comma Ruleswrite the following notes as your warm up for today

4. Rule 8: Commas with quoted material- Use a comma to set off quoted material. Use a comma to separate quoted material from the rest of the sentence that explains or introduces the quotation: • Summing up this argument, Peter Coveney writes, “The purpose and strength of the romantic image of the child had been above all to establish a relation between childhood and adult consciousness.” If the designation of the speaker comes in the middle of the quotation, two commas will be required: • “The questions is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many things.” Be careful NOT to use commas to set off a quoted element introduced by the word that or quoted elements that are embedded within a larger structure: • Peter Coveney writes that “the purpose and strength of….” • We often say “sorry” when we don’t really mean it. Comma Ruleswrite the following notes as your warm up for today