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Internet: Past, present, and future

Internet: Past, present, and future. Malathi Veeraraghavan Univ. of Virginia mv5g@virginia.edu Sept. 25, 2015. Mnemonic: Taekwondo - Massively Parallel Processor. Basic networking concepts Make it real: equipment, service providers Drivers of networking research TKDMPP

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Internet: Past, present, and future

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  1. Internet: Past, present, and future Malathi Veeraraghavan Univ. of Virginia mv5g@virginia.edu Sept. 25, 2015 Mnemonic: Taekwondo - Massively Parallel Processor • Basic networking concepts • Make it real: equipment, service providers • Drivers of networking research • TKDMPP • Time, Knowledge, Data, Money, People, Processes

  2. Communications vs. Networking Transmitter (Tx) Transmitter (Tx) Communication link Receiver (Rx) Receiver (Rx) Copper, Fiber or Air Laptop Laptop Cell phone Cell phone Switch Tablet Tablet Server Server How many links do we need? Does every endpoint need to communicate with all other endpoints ALL the time? N endpoints. How many links? Order N2 No; Networks  Sharing

  3. Concept of multiplexing (sharing) Sharing what? Link transmitter Transmitter at Laptop is being shared by Web flow and Skype flow routing software Server Web Server local forwarding table header value output link 0100 0101 0111 1001 3 2 2 1 Laptop Web Client Skype How many flows can share a link? Unlimited 1 1001 0100 Switches 2 3 What's the negative? destination address is carried in arriving packet’s header Each switch has its own forwarding table Tablet Skype

  4. Insides of a switch local forwarding table dest. addr output link B A b a Controller Input ports Demultiplexers B a Host A A b Host B c Space switch Host C d Host D a b c d Multiplexers Output ports A B Host D Host A Host B Host C

  5. Network typically consists of multiple switches Routing protocol exchanges of topology information: Between controllers within switches Destination Next-hop E D B C 3 5 2 3 1 A F 2 Administrator-set link weights 1 2 D E 1 Routing protocol and Shortest-path computations: Distributed

  6. Internet(work): Network of networks Gateways (IProuters) Inter-domain link Host Host Switch Switch Switch Switch Host Host Network 1 Network 2 Owned and operated by a different organization (e.g., AT&T) Owned and operated by one organization (e.g., UVA)

  7. Basic concepts understood • Link • Switch  Network: many switches • Router  Internetwork: many networks • Let's make these concepts real!

  8. Example of a 6' rack: Two switches: each - multiple line cards - controller card - space switch card

  9. Large Content Distributor (e.g., Google) Large Content Distributor (e.g., Yahoo) Core (backbone) networks of the Internet Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP What is an ISP? Internet Service Provider • Phrase “owned and operated” – money and control • Center of Internet: • Small # of well-connected large networks • Tier-1 ISPs (e.g., Comcast, AT&T, NTT, China Telcom, Tata) • Large content distributors (Google, Yahoo, Microsoft) • Peers: No money exchanges; Roughly equal traffic

  10. Regional networks of the Internet Large Content Distributor (e.g., Google) Large Content Distributor (e.g., Akamai) Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs • connect to one or more tier-1 (provider) ISPs • each tier-1 has many tier-2 customer nets • tier-2 ISP pays tier 1 provider Why purchase service from second Tier-1 ISP? Reliability Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP

  11. Large Content Distributor (e.g., Google) Large Content Distributor (e.g., Akamai) Edge networks of the Internet • a packet passes throughmany networks from source host to destination host Campus, Corporate, Residential networks Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP

  12. 10 Gbps Backup: 2 Gbps

  13. Internet2: Tier1 ISP networkInter-city links: 56 kbps in 1988; Today: 100 Gbps 100 Gbps links Where is Ashburn, VA? MARIA's router is located in Ashburn, VA in the same building as an Internet2 router

  14. Who builds and sells network switches/routers? Who buys them? • Equipment vendors • Switches and Routers: Cisco, Juniper, D-Link, NetGear, Huawei, ZTE • Optical switches: Ciena, Fujitsu • Switch chipsets: Broadcom, Marvel • Optoelectronic components? JDSU? • Who buys this equipment: ISPs, campuses, businesses, residences • Capex (Capital expenditures) high • Why? Closed systems unlike PC/Windows

  15. Networking technologies: new ones being invented all the time Networks at the edges Core networks Ethernet Local Area Networks (LAN) Wireless LANs  WiFi  IEEE 802.11 Cellular networks: 3G and 4G (LTE) Residential access: Passive Optical Networks (PONs) and cable (DOCSIS) Data center networks: InfiniBand and FibreChannel Wireless sensor networks: Zigbee, IEEE 802.15.4 Vehicular networks: IEEE 1609.3 over IEEE 802.11p Satellite networks and disruption tolerant networks Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks for electric grid, water/sewage, etc. IP-routed networks Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) networks Ethernet (Virtual LAN) switched networks

  16. Drivers of networking research Web Data centers (why?) Who is Tim Berners-Lee? Data center networks (switches) Internet of Things (scale just exploded) OpenFlow and Software Defined Networks (SDN) Sensing+communications technology Applications

  17. A Google Data Center https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/mayes-county/working-here.html

  18. “Real” Internet delays and routes traceroute (tracert in Windows): umass.edu to eurecom.fr Three delay measurements from source host to first router cs-gw Each row is a response from a router on the path 1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms 8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms 16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136ms trans-oceanic link * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)

  19. Compute propagation delay • What's the answer: one-way: 29ms • Round-trip prop. delay: 54ms • Queueing delays, etc.: 106ms How long does it take to transfer one bit from New York to Paris? What's the distance? 5834 km What's the speed of light in fiber: roughly 2105 km/sec

  20. How does Google make its money? • Advertising: Need to be within 50-ms of all eyeballs • "The human eye's threshold for perceiving latency is about 50ms. Crudely simplified, this means that if you render a screen within 50ms or less, it's going to be perceived as instantaneous. If it takes longer, people can sense the latency. Lots of subliminal processing occurs on an image in the first 250ms, with conscious processing happening after 270ms." http://www.skrenta.com/2007/11/ranking_web_20_sites_by_server.html • Caveat: UNVERIFIED!

  21. The birth of the datacenter ping www.virginia.edu and also ping www.google.com • Many round-trip times (RTTs) incurred to support a Web browsing session • Name to IP-address lookup • Connection setup delay (client-to-server) • Web page request and response • Browser will parse page and then send requests for images in the page. • Very chatty - many exchanges between client and server • Having datacenters in major cities around the globe allows Google to cut RTT

  22. Cost of switches • Routing protocol and shortest-path computation to create forwarding tables • Who can modify that software? • Only the switch equipment vendor (Cisco) • Why? • Cisco switch uses closed software model unlike Windows PC • Software developer salary: major cost Recall the controller within the switch What did it run?

  23. How many switches are needed in a datacenter? One million computers Assume each switch has 50 ports Need 20,000 switches Each switch costs $50K. Cost adds up! Drive the cost of switch down by removing software Google said our own developers can write that routing protocol software and run it on a centralized host (one of their own datacenter hosts)

  24. Software Defined Network (SDN) Championed by Google (ii) Run Shortest-Path Algorithm Compute forwarding tables for all switches (i) Collects topology info (iii) Write forwarding tables to each switch OpenFlow Switch Complex routing protocol sofware removed from switch controller thus lowering cost of switch; Standardized OpenFlow protocol https://www.lkn.ei.tum.de/fileadmin/tueilkn/sdn.PNG

  25. Hot research areas • OpenFlow/SDN • Turned the networking world upside down • Distributed protocols had been the mantra for 30+ years! Now it is centralized • What happens to Security? Reliability? • How do SDN controllers owned and operated by different networks communicate? • Data-center networks: • Power consumption; Failures; Wiring • Internet of Things (IoT)

  26. Impact of Networks: World is Flat • Book by Tom Friedman • Global Crossing and Wall Street • India, China, old Soviet States • Accounting, Call Centers, Radiology, Law, Banking • What will be the impact of IoT, networked robotics, and remote haptics? • Protectionism by governments vs. capital

  27. Time, Knowledge, Data, Money, People, Processes (TKDMPP) Knowledge: Next Slide Time Dean Pam Norris quotes TJ: "I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have." Data Read Moneyball? Money Why did MichelAngelo leave behind unfinished sculptures? Processes: Ask others how they do things? Do you put your pants on one leg at a time? People Still think Romains is correct? Harry Truman: “The 'C' students run the world.”

  28. Importance of knowledge(Ed Hirsch, UVA) Shoulders of giants (Isaac Newton) http://uvamagazine.org/articles/the_facts_of_the_matter Eureka! New Data Fundamental challenge: Uploading data into human memory Loreto Peter Alonzi, Talk at UVA, 2014-07-24

  29. Summary • Networking sits between EE hardware and CS software • We are engineers; important to know the hardware, software or system that your research targets • OpenFlow/SDN: Stanford and Google • Academia + Industry partnership impt. • Build, test, prove and sell • TKDMPP

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