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Math and Measurement for Biomed Techs

Math and Measurement for Biomed Techs. rev 140923 D McMahon. With few exceptions, medical parameters are always expressed in the metric (SI) system. Scientific Notation. Most frequently used: 1/1,00 = 10 -2 = centi 1/1,000 = 10 -3 = milli

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Math and Measurement for Biomed Techs

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  1. Math and Measurement for Biomed Techs rev 140923 D McMahon

  2. With few exceptions, medical parameters are always expressed in the metric (SI) system.

  3. Scientific Notation Most frequently used: 1/1,00 = 10-2 = centi 1/1,000 = 10-3 = milli 1/1,000 000 = 10-6 = micro 1/1,000 000 000 = 10-9 = nano x 1,000 = 103 = kilo x 1,000 000 = 106 = mega x 1,000 000 000 = 109 = giga

  4. Scientific Notation& Standard Prefixes

  5. Physical Units & Constants

  6. S.I. Units that are especially important for Biomed Technology: Force: Newton (Kg.m / s2) Pressure: Pascal (N/m2)andTorr (mm of Hg column) Light: Lumen (light flux) and Lux (lumens / m2) Candela (Cd) (luminous intensity) Power: Watt (N.m / s) Energy: Joule (watt x sec) Magnetic Flux: Tesla

  7. Pressure as a column of mercury:

  8. Important Pressure Conversions for Biomeds Most useful factors in red cf handout

  9. Atmospheric Pressure at Increasing Elevations

  10. Significant Figures > In any measurement, we can’t claim more accuracy than physical reality allows. > Always ask: - Plus or minus how much? - In digital displays, is there “last digit bobble”? > The number of significant figures is NOT improved by multiplying errors.

  11. Measurement Errors - Static Error – Misreading displays or limitations of equipment > parallax reading of an analog meter > interpolation of the scale on an analog meter > last-digit “bobble” Dynamic Error – > errors caused by changing values during measurement Instrument Insertion Errors – > “loading” of the device under test by the tester

  12. Mean, Median, and Mode

  13. Standard Deviation > Widely used measure of variability or dispersion of data. > Standard deviation serves as a measure of how far the samples of data are spread out. > A large standard deviation indicates that the data points are far from the mean; a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean.

  14. The 68–95–99.7 Rule: • Standard deviation: • 1 standard deviation: • 2 standard deviations: • 3 standard deviations:

  15. Root Mean Square “RMS” In electronics, used to express AC current or voltage as its equivalent DC current or voltage. For a sine wave only, VRMS = 0.707 × Vpeak Vpeak = 1.414 × VRMS

  16. RMS voltage is the equivalent “heating voltage” of AC :

  17. Logarithmic Units:Decibels Bel was used in the telephone industry (named after Alexander Graham Bell). The Bel is usually too large for most applications, so it is rarely if ever used. Decibel (dB) is one-tenth of a Bel. It is simply a means of logarithmically expressing the ratio between two signal levels.

  18. Decibels: dB – voltage: dbv = 20 log -------- Vout Vin dB – power: dbp = 10 log -------- Pout Used mainly in amplifier comparisons Pin

  19. Measurement Standards: > International References: at the ISI > Primary Standards: at the NIST > Working Standards: “NIST Traceable” > Secondary Standards: on-site references > Gauges & Instruments: routine equipment

  20. Precision vs Accuracy Precision: the closeness of many measurement points to each other Accuracy: the closeness of many measurement points to a reference Remember “P.A.R.T.”: “Precision and Accuracy mean Repeatibility and Trueness”

  21. Precision vs Accuracy Which is more important in measurements? Imprecise but accurate Precise and accurate Imprecise and inaccurate Precise but inaccurate

  22. Resolution (“Definition”) The degree to which we can distinguish the individual elements of an output. eg: the lines in a video display test pattern, or the change of pitch in an audio signal

  23. pH: The measure of acidity or alkalinity of any liquid + Water always has a small amount of hydrogen (H ) and hydroxide (OH ) ions. pH is the numeric value from 1 to 14, taken from the exponent of the concentration of hydrogen ion. So if a solution has a hydrogen concentration of 1 x 10 , then its pH is 8. - - 8

  24. pH range and values of common substances

  25. Poiseuille's Law : ( pwah-zwee ) defines the flow (Q) of fluid passing a point along the tube in terms of: > the fluid's viscosity (η) > the tube's radius (r) > the tube’s length (L) > the pressure difference along the tube (ΔP) : πr4 ΔP ------------ Q = 8 η L

  26. πr4 ΔP ------------ Q = 8 η L In other words, The resistance in a tube is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius. This means that doubling the radius of the tube increases the fluid flow by a factor of 16.

  27. Poiseuille's Law : Example from pulmonary physiology:

  28. “Apparent power” vs “Real Power” or VA vs Watts Watts is “Real Power” -- the power (V x I) that does work. VA is “Apparent Power” -- the vector sum of real power (P) and reactive power (jQ). Apparent Power is used when sizing wiring and components. Real Power is what accomplishes useful work in the device. Apparent Power is always > Real Power if there is any reactive factor. Power Factor = W / VA ( 0.60 is typical)

  29. Instrumentation Amplifier

  30. Instrumentation Amplifier Advantages for physiological monitoring: > High Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR): The capability of an instrument to reject a signal that is common to both input leads. [ CMRR = Differential Gain / Common Mode Gain ] > High input Z > Wide bandwidth > Low noise

  31. Analog to digital conversion A process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed into a multi-level signal without altering its essential content. The input is a voltage that varies among a theoretically infinite number of values (sine waves, speech, ECG, etc). The output has defined levels or states. The simplest digital signals are in binary values. Digital signals propagate more efficiently than analog signals, because digital impulses, which are well-defined and orderly, are easier for electronic circuits to distinguish from noise, which is chaotic.

  32. Quantization Error: Error resulting from trying to represent a continuous analog signal with discrete, stepped digital data. When the analog value being sampled falls between two digital “steps.” the analog value must be represented by the nearest digital value, resulting in a very slight error. The difference between the continuous analog waveform and the stair-stepped digital representation is quantization error. For a sine wave, quantization error will appear as extra harmonics in the signal. For music or program material, the signal is constantly changing and quantization error appears as wideband noise, cleverly referred to as “quantization noise.”

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