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U.S.S.R

U.S.S.R. 1917 Russian Revolution: Bolsheviks had no plan for new Soviet System System that DID arise stayed until 1991 (dismantling republics) Key Rulers: Lenin (1817 – 24) Stalin (1927 – 53) Khurushchev (1953 – 64) Andropov (1982-4) Brezhnev (1964-82 ) Chernenko (1984-5).

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U.S.S.R

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  1. U.S.S.R

  2. 1917 Russian Revolution: • Bolsheviks had no plan for new Soviet System • System that DID arise stayed until 1991 (dismantling republics) Key Rulers: Lenin (1817 – 24)Stalin (1927 – 53) Khurushchev(1953 – 64)Andropov (1982-4) Brezhnev (1964-82) Chernenko (1984-5)

  3. Vladimir Lenin • 1st leader of Soviet Union, of Bolsheviks • Belief: under socialism, all means / factors of production (land, labour, capital) owned & operated by proletariat & peasants

  4. Lenin’s Economic Policies • had to deal w/ WW1 problems: famine, rising prices • brought gov. control of workers / industry (goes against original belief) – said workers were gov. • faced opposition: Russians & non: started civil war w/ Bolsheviks

  5. War Communism • To create communist society • Community owns all (theory), Bolshevik gov owned all (reality) • Low industry: ruined • Low agriculture: peasants to give up surplus food for army / city workers • Protests: many killed • 1921: long drought, famine; communist sailors revolted • end to War Communism

  6. **New Economic Policy (NEP) • Mix gov. owned w/ private industry • Gov owned industry, banks, railways • Peasants could sell crops for profit • End to famine, country recovered • Soviet Union lagging behind western countries: need industrial develop.

  7. January 21, 1924 • Lenin dies • known as “Father of Soviet Union”

  8. Formation of USSR • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922) • only 4 republics first • Don’t use name “Russia” • means: • Tsar’s Russia • Russia republic only • modern Russia (Russian Federation)

  9. Joseph Stalin • most powerful, feared leader – came in 1927 as ruler • by 1953, made USSR most powerful country next to USA • used Totalitarianism: • Terror • Force • propaganda

  10. **Totalitarianism • Gov. controls all parts of people’s lives • 7 Key Points: • People living under forced to follow belief of absolute ruler • 1 political party only: Communist Party • Propaganda to secure mass support for dictator ideas • Dictator shows gov. democratic: written constitution, legislative branch (make laws), courts of law: all false = only 1 party!

  11. Secret police: terror to control – arrests in middle of night for disagreers = Siberia, prison, death • Economy, means of production: controlled, owned by State • Strong military = protect, carry out Imperialism (extend territory for power, land)

  12. Industrial Development • Greatest achieve = rapid industrialization of USSR • **Land + Labour + Capital = Industrialization = Living Standards • Input (L,L,C) – need lots, Output (goods) • 1928 • Natural Resources: lots: oil, gas, coal, water power • Rapidly growing popn. = labour • Capital: lack of = problem in USSR – Stalin’s problem to find • Few Industries: most popn. in country

  13. **5 Year Plan • 1928: 1st : begin series of 5-year plans to industrialize: • Heavy industry = aim = develop new areas • Energy, chemicals, military weapons • 1500 new factories, but big cost to people: • To get $$ & machinery: sell grains / minerals

  14. 1930: all private farms – taken from peasants: now collective farms = collectivization • Peasants rebelled: millions peasants arrested – Siberia, executed as “enemies of the people.”

  15. Millions died by end 1st 5-year cycle – starvation from loss of crops

  16. Collectivization: The Lost Holocaust • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic: 6 million died • Largest man-made famine in history • No monuments for victims, no trials for those responsible, no mention in Soviet history books

  17. Result of Stalin’s highly unrealistic goals: • too many projects at once • too many resources wasted • nationalization of peasant land into collective farms: • peasants to give all grain to state

  18. elimination of kulaks (richer peasants) – • not for production but to reduce uprisings • property seized • forbidden to join collective farm • Resistors sent to Siberia or executed • possible resistors deported to remote regions • rest ordered to leave

  19. rebellions against collectivization: • included 21st div. of Red Army • burned crops, killed livestock • army, police sent in to collectivize • resistors killed on spot

  20. famine due to collectivization • peasants killing livestock = no draught animals to do manual labour • no incentives to produce • drought hit • Stalin’s quotas for grain • get at all costs even if prodn down in some years: • used force = 83 kg grain for family (6) for 1932 • no seed grain for next year

  21. infamous law: • min. 5 yrs prison or death for “theft from socialist property” • (eg. Taking upripened ear of corn, firing squad for sack of wheat) • This famine artificially created • not stopped to help victims; • refused international help = “no famine,” • Ukraine borders shut off • 100s children orphaned, foraged for food: shot by police / troops. Other groups suffered, esp. Kazahks

  22. End of 1st Of 5-Year Plan • Fall in standard of living: rising prices • Worker movement restricted: • 1932-3 internal passport system

  23. 2nd 5-Year Plan (1933-7) • continued plans • 1936 Constitution: • civil rights • right to choose • Democracy • not upheld, but Stalin cheered at parades

  24. The Great Purge (1936-39) • Goal = remove all opposition to Communist Party • All Soviet citizens affected • Millions disappeared • Total loyalty to Communist Party demanded, but even those who did executed

  25. Families / friends spying on each other: confessions for untrue crimes • 100 000s executed, millions sent to labor camps (Siberia) • Est. 15 million arrested, 3 million killed • Result: fear forced people to believe Stalin as ruler

  26. 3rd 5-Year Plan (1938-46) • WW2: German invasion 1941 paused plan • Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (Aug 23, 1939) = prevent war b/w 2 countries, divide East Europe into regions to be controlled by either side Soviet Union took Baltic States, Western Ukraine, Western Bellorussia, Moldavia

  27. WW2 • Sept 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland, Sept 17, Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland – Stalin said was to protect Ukraine, but was to get land • Sept 3, 1939: G.B., France declared war on Germany • May 1940: Hitler invades France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg • Stalin takes Baltic states, later signs agreement w/ Japan not to attack each other

  28. June 22, 1941 • Germany invades Soviet Union (3 million troops), USSR unprepared: Germans overran • Stalin’s purges killed best military officers: thus disorganized, not prepared for weaponry • German major defeat 1942 (Stalingrad) -- turning point in war • May 1945, Soviet forces occupied much East Europe/ East Germany

  29. Reasons for Victory • Will of people • USSR size & harsh climate: G’s couldn’t get things in time • USSR received military aid: GB, USA • CPE = focus on weapon prodn, ignore needs of people

  30. Effects of WW2 • 27 Million Soviet lives lost, country in ruins • Despite losses, wave of nat. pride swept USSR • Women in workforce – later medicine, engineers • USSR expanded borders: 4 new republics: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia • USSR transformed into major world power, 2nd to USA: controlled all East Europe, threatened West Europe

  31. 4th 5-Year Plan (1946-50) • Goal: rebuild countries, towns destroyed by war • Expand heavy industry, military • USSR rose to powerful position: international revival of communism: most East Europe countries established Communism (satellite countries) – Stalin army & secret police: role in these govs. – keep order, obey leaders • Prevent spread to West Europe: alliance b/w GB, USA, France = East & West blocs divided by ideology = Iron Curtain

  32. 5th 5-Year Plan (1951-55) • Development heavy industry: • Aircraft • Chemicals • oil production

  33. Results of 5-Year Plans: • centrally planned economy • Expansion heavy industries • By end, Soviet Union major industrial power • Stalin dead March 5, 1953 • Stalin a success? Created 2nd most powerful country, but at expense of millions dead & suffering

  34. Stalinism • spread of communism important, but USSR must develop it first, so others would take it • 5 Year Plans: to industrialize: develop heavy industry instead of goods, collectivize agriculture • All enemies of communism to be destroyed (eg. Purges)

  35. Khrushchev • struggle for power after Stalin, then Communist Party & military backed Khrushchev • new leader, new hope for people • condemned Stalin secretly • relaxed modestly secret police, Stalin policies = De-stalinization (the thaw)

  36. released 1000s from labour camps • allowed more creativity • lifted movement restriction • rewrote history books: lower Stalin’s impact • Stalingrad renamed Volgograd • Improve living conditions: • heavy industry, agriculture = • more importance: • goal = increase prodn food & consumer goods

  37. Wanted better relations w/ East Europe, determined to keep controlling (eg. 1956 anti-communist crushing in Hungary)

  38. Berlin Wall • 1961: built Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans escaping to West

  39. Cuban Missile Crisis • Oct. 1962: Khrushchev vs. Kennedy: close to nuclear war • supported Fidel Castro • sent missiles to Cuba (could hit any US city) Kennedy asked for removal Khrushchev said no negotiation & US naval blockade of Cuba: missiles returned to USSR

  40. Cold War • 1962: peaceful coexistence w/ capitalist West policy – resolve disputes w/out war • Khrush inconsistent: said wanted peace, then threatened West, continued nuclear weapon develop • 1963: US, USSR, GB signed treaty limiting nuclear tests in space, water, air

  41. Space Age! • Oct 4, 1957 – first nation to launch artificial satellite to circle earth = Sputnik 1 • began technological race • April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin = 1st man to orbit earth, • 1963, Valentina Tereshkova = first woman in space, • 1965, Aleksei Leonov = first man to walk in space • May 1961, Alan Shepard Jr. = first USA in space • Most important reason to get to space?

  42. Oct. 15, 1964 • removed from power, blamed for ruining USSR image

  43. Khrushchev Communism • exposed / questioned Stalin’s beliefs / actions • wanted expand agric. prodn. over heavy industry • modified communist ideology for peaceful coexistence – see which economic style works better

  44. Brezhnev – 20 years’ rule • replaced Khrush Oct. 1964 • ended many Khrush policies of freedom = “Restalinization” • no more criticism from writers, artists – those who did called dissidents – arrested, tried, mental hospitals (eg. Inventor of Soviet nuclear bomb)

  45. police force expanded to match society: increased fear • economic growth slowed – problems in agric., • Brez. Brought $$ to modernize agric., increase prodn of food, televisions, cars == failed to increase food prodn. • Living standards far below Canada, USA – few policies to raise standard • Continued Stalin’s control over people, econ. Development

  46. Foreign Policy • 2 goals: maintain USSR control over bordering countries, improve USSR relations w/ USA & West • Breznev doctrine = to keep Communist power in other countries, USSR would step in to defend • invaded Czech to prevent overthrow of communist gov. • 1979, USSR entered Afghanistan to support Communist gov.

  47. Détente • Policy to improve relations w/ USA & West Europe • Signed 2 treaties: • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT Treaties) • limit build up of nuclear weapons • Helsinki Agreement – recognized Europe post-WW2 borders, keep rights of people

  48. Space Race (2) • USSR beat by USA w/ first men on moon (July 20, 1969) • Neil Armstrong “One small step . . .” • 1975 – USA & USSR docked spacecraft together • Both countries continued exploration

  49. Military Build Up • Expanded air, navy, army to compete w/ USA – Brez. wanted to beat USA re. power • Long, costly nuclear arms race = result • USSR expanse: more involved in developing world, esp. Southeast Asia, Africa

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