Russia and the Transition to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( U.S.S.R )

1. Russia and the Transition to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R)

2. Preview and Processing • What makes Russia unique in terms of geography? • What can you conclude about the Czar Nichols II from these photographs? • Who is in the photographs with Czar Nicholas II? • Why is that interesting?

3. Russia, Czars and Reform • Not effected by IR • 80% of pop= serfs • No rts: bought & sold; Siberia • Autocrat=czar (Romanov) • Alexander I • Did not want to modernize • Decembrist • 500 uprisings in 30 yrs

4. Nicholas I • Limited Education • Crimean War (1853-1856)

5. Making the Connection • What was the name of the woman who, through her service in the Crimean War, opened the field of nursing to women? • Florence Nightingale

6. Alexander II • Freed serfs: March 1861 • Mir: didn’t own land; little changed • Nihilism • Narodniki: teach the peasants, medical services, idea of rev. • March 13, 1881: assassinated • “Home is the palace to die.”

7. Alexander III • No ?ing the czar! • Religion is the Russian Orthodox ch. only (pogroms begin) • Speak Russian only: no Slavic langs, etc.

8. Nicholas II • Maintain autocratic rule • Cultural changes • Schools: Darwin, Marx, Pasteur • Scholars: Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky • Economic changes • Growth of cities • Foreign investment • Trans-Siberian railway

9. Social Unrest =Revolutionary Mood • Groups begin to form that include the peasants • Social Democrats • Marxist: Karl Marx: German Philosopher (Communist Manifesto) • Up rise fr. Urban working class (proletariat) • Lenin: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

10. Making the Connection • According to doctrine, what is the ultimate goal of Communist? • Foreshadow the reasons why this philosophy concerned the United States? • Can you name at least 3 countries that are communist today?

11. Social Democrats divide • Bolsheviks (majority) “dictatorship of the proletariat” (red) • Mensheviks (minority) Move slowly: true communist (white) • Czar made mistakes • Russo-Japanese War, 1904 • Attempt to get RU mind off problems • Korea “yellow little monkeys” • beaten

12. Bloody Sunday, January 22, 1905 • 200,000 workers marched to Czar’s winter Palace • Better working conditions • more personal freedom • elected nat’l legislature • Unarmed; “Little Father” • Czar not home • Soldiers ordered to fire into crowd 500 to 1,000 • Czar agreed to more personal freedom; Duma May 1906—disolved 3 mos later

13. World War I • “God Save the Czar” • 1914: 4 million RU soldiers were KIA, wounded or POWs • Czar believed he was doing his job • Czarina Alexandra and their son Alexis • Rasputin

14. STORY TIME GREGORY RASPUTIN

17. Conspirators • Felix Yussoupov: Noble • Princess Irina: Czar’s niece • Purishkevich: Leader in the Duma • Sukhotin: military officer • Dr. Lazovert: army doctor • Dmitri Pavlovich: Nephew to the Czar and Grand Duke of Russia

18. ORDER OF EVENTS • Cyanide Potassium filled cakes and wine • Yussoupov sings 2 ½ hours • Purishkevich shoots Rasputin in the back • Rasputin runs after Yussoupov • Rasputin runs to gate; Purishkevich fires & hits Rasputin in back & head • Yussoupov beats Rasputin w/ rubber hose • Rasputin is bound with rope, wrapped in blue curtain and thrown in the frozen Neva River • Body found 3 days later • Official cause of death drowning.

19. Czar forced to abdicate • Czar called back from the front: “Is it possible that for 22 years I have tried to act for the best and that for 22 years I have been wrong?” • Feb. 1917: Abdicates • Duma est. & picked leaders whose goal was a constitution; no part in strikes, etc.

20. New gov’t has an elected workers council (aka) Soviet • Alexander Kerensky: head of Social Revolutionary Party = head of gov’t • Decided to continue WI • GER helped Lenin return to RU after 17 yrs. In exile (Finland)

21. Second Revolution • Lenin: “Peace, Bread and Land!”. • Bolsheviks: well organized, mini-army: Red Guard • Lenin Took over • New Social order • Nat’l assembly wh/ he closed the next day • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Leon Trotsky • ¼ of RU territory • Kerensky forced to flee Died: Jun. 11, 1970 - New York City, New York, USA

22. Civil War • Red v. White • Czar & family executed • Anastasia • Bolsheviks won

23. Lenin’s Gov’t Restores Order • New Economic Policy (NEP) 1921 • Farmers could sell surplus • People buy & sell goods for profit • Ownership of small business

24. Official Name Change • 1922: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • Capt moved from Petrograd (Leningrad) to Moscow • Bolsheviks officially =communist

25. Lenin’s Death • Died 1924 • Trotsky • Josepf Stalin “Man of Steel” • The Will • Trosky’s death: 08/20/1940 in Mexico

26. Stalin • Perfect USSR • Industrial revolution • 1928 Five Year Plan: command economy wh/ = everything under gon’t control • Few consumer goods produced • Focus on RR, mines, etc • Told where to work, who worked and how long • Several more 5 year plans

27. Agricultural Revolution • No private farms : collective Farms wh/ = peasants upset • 5 to10 million killed & others sent to Siberia • Secret police (KGB)

28. Totalitarian State • No dissent allowed by gov’t • Stalin more powerful than Czar • People w/ less freedom than under Czar • No religion: “opiate of the people” • Sch. To teach his doctrine • Periodic purges of the Communist Party • No friends in other countries • In power for 25 years • Goal: to make the USSR a modern state • Leader of USSR during WWII