BIOENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICA

1. Tanzania Traditional Energy Development Organization BIOENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICA JATROPHA BIOFUEL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA BY JENSEN SHUMA (TaTEDO)

2. Outline • Introduction • Energy Situation in Tanzania • Jatropha Farming in Tanzania • Leguruki Village • Biofuel Project in Leguruki • Before Project • Objective of the Pilot Project • Stakeholders Involved in the Project • Criteria for Forming Energy team • Local Level Planning (Process, Problems and Opportunities) • Factors Supported or Impaired the Success of the Project • Achievements from the Pilot Project • Lessons

3. INTRODUCTION Leguruki • Size: Total Area 945,087 square Kilometres • Land area 88.4 million ha • Forest reserve 13 million ha • Wildlife area 12.5 million ha • Agriculture/Pasture/range land 44 million hector, • Location: Tanzania lies between 10 and 12oS and 30o and 41oE between three great lakes of Africa. • Altitude: Highest is Kilimanjaro (5,895 m above see level) while the lowest is Lake Tanganyika (depth of 1470 m) 9/15/2014 3 Lake Tanganyika Mt Kilimanjaro 3 Ngorongoro Crater

4. Energy Situation in Tanzania • Tanzania is endowed with diverse energy resources of different forms such as biomass, natural gas, hydro, geothermal, solar and wind much of which are untapped. • More than 85% are cooking by woodfuel (charcoal and firewood) • Around 14% are using electricity, dry cell batteries, solar PV, biogas, etc. for lighting while the rest are using firewood and kerosene. • Woodfuel, solar and electricity are used for agro-processing, • Space heating is done by mainly woodfuel • Water boiling in few institutions is done with woodfuel and limited solar heaters • More than 80% of the population lives without access to modern energy services • The paper provides an overview and insights of sustainability science projects that address limited access to energy sources.

5. JATROHA BIOFUEL FARMING IN TANZANIA • Tanzania is blessed with potential land for liquid biofuels production which could be used for export earnings; reduce fossil oil imports, employment, rural economy growth, etc.

6. ACTORS IN THE BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT • Jatropha as a promising Biofuel (SVO or Biodiesel) feedstock materials in Tanzania is grown by three major actors These are: • Large Scale Farmers : Most of these are foreign multinational companies with objective of producing jatropha oil for export i.e. Sun-biofuels, Agro-Eco, etc • Contract Farmers-Central Companies: Contractually linked to a central organisation/company for seed purchase or for oil production e.g. Diligent, Prokon, etc. • Independent Smallholder Farmers: smallholder jatropha production without contractual purchase agreements, selling seeds to middle buyers. Some supported and organised to produce, process and locally use Jatropha for meeting local needs i.e. oil, fuels, medicine and soap and export extra oil. • These actors are supported by CSO (TaTEDO, FAIDA-Mali, JPTL, JANI, etc.), the Government (MEM, NBTF, MoL, MNRT, etc.) and Development Partners (donors).

7. JATROPHA GROWN AREAS IN TANZANIA 7

8. Leguruki Village • Leguruki is located on the slopes of Mt. Meru, in Leguruki Ward, King’ori Division of the Arumeru District in Arusha Region. • Total village area is 2185 ha, of which 1740 ha are suitable for agricultural activities. • 1537 ha are used for agricultural cultivation and 202 ha are used as pastoral area • Village population is estimated to be more than 4500 inhabitants (2010 Est) • The village is green and lush with fields of coffee, banana trees, beans, and corn.

9. Different Scenes of Leguruki (Before project) Leguruki –Part of the Village (village does not have electricity) Jatropha intercropped with Maize Jatropha –on hedges of farms Women cooking with inefficient three stone stoves Light –for studying and domestic use from Kerosene Lump

10. Biofuel Project in Leguruki • Before Project • Leguruki village was not connected to the national grid electricity. • The closest village where there was electricity was King’ori Madukani which is located 6 km south. • Majority of the villagers were using kerosene for lighting and three-stone stoves for cooking (spending 9,000/month for kerosene). • Battery charging services was provided by a villager who owned diesel generators in the village. • There were 10 owners of generators in the village who generated electricity for their own use • Jatropha grows well in Leguruki and surrounding villages and was only used for fencing and demarcation of farms and household land.

11. Biofuel Project in Leguruki • The Case Study is a result of pilot project implemented by TaTEDO and funded by the World Bank through GAPfund. • A pilot project electrified a village using multi-functional platforms (MFPs) powered by Straight Jatropha Oil (SJO). • The project has demonstrated the technical and financial viability of running diesel engine using Jatropha Oil as fuel in place of conventional diesel to provide electricity and motive power in rural areas.

12. the Pilot Project………. • Objective • The objective of the project was to pilot multifunctional platforms for productive uses and energy services in rural Tanzania • Stakeholders • Different stakeholders (men and women) were involved from the government, district staff, ward leaders, village leaders and selected villagers • Criteria for Forming Energy Team -The energy team was selected by villagers in gender sensitive manner. -Selection must cover the whole village - People who are committed to the development of the village - Faithfulness , education, age difference, etc.

13. THE PILOT PROJECT………………Local Level Planning (Process, Problems and Opportunities) • Participants • The planning meeting comprised of selected villagers, district staff, ward leaders and TaTEDO staff. • Process • Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was conducted in Leguruki in May 2007 as initial efforts of preparation for the MFP installation • PRA enabled to facilitate community acceptance, smooth initiation of the project, in-depth understanding of the baseline information, energy supply, demand and options, human capacity and village development priorities • Problems Identified during Planning • lack of cheaper options to generate electricity, • lack of skilled technicians for installation, repair and maintenance of energy systems, • high consumption of firewood and charcoal in the village, • unavailability and lack of knowledge on efficient energy technologies, • Lack of skills for using Jatropha as an energy crop

14. LOCAL LEVEL PLANNING ….. Participant presenting Village Energy Problems Energy Team Setting priorities during PRA meeting Participants of the PRA at Leguruki Village

15. The Plot project…………… Factors Supported or Impaired the Success of the Project • Factors Supported Success • Participatory approach that involved different stakeholders at all levels, • Commitment of selected village energy team • Affordability of services from the MFP • Possibility of using biofuels for running the machine, etc. • Factors Impaired Success • Ownership interests between village government and energy team • A few technicians for MFP machine in the village • Inability to expand mini-grid to cover the whole village • Competition with other Jatropha seed collectors

16. THE PILOT PROJECT…..Achievements from the Pilot Project • A multifunctional platform, was installed and started providing milling and dehusking services. • During evenings, the MFP plant generates electricity to power houses and businesses which are connected to a small minigrid. • Presence of electricity has benefited at least 40 households and 20 businesses where they can operate for longer hours. • New businesses such as barber shops and video shows were initiated. • Street lighting has improved security during the night • Children (pupils) were able to study for longer hours and under better lighting • Knowledge obtained from the COMPETE and Leguruki Project also contributed to improvement of the National Biofuel Guidelines and the National Biofuel Policy

17. Achievements…. Mini-grid installation Mini-grid installed in the village MFP installed at Leguruki Family in Leguruki enjoying light from MFP Light for Business (Shops) Light for households

18. Other ENERGY Activities in Leguruki • Jatropha is produced from small farms by intercropping with other crops or planting on their farm hedges. • Seeds are disposed to the collection centres or used locally to produce soaps or sold to local processing centres (MFP) • Some technicians have been trained to construct improved cook-stoves and installed cook-stoves in 2 schools and several households • Group of women received training on how to bake using TaTEDO oven and now are baking 54 loaves of bread per day.

19. Lessons • Assessment of Leguruki Project is considered as the Compete Good practice because of knowledge involved and its multi-impacts to the villagers, • Ownership of the Process: If the process is owned by people themselves, there is high chances of sustainability and transformation of the rural livelihoods, • The technologies which uses local resources coupled with availability of technical and business capacities have high opportunity of continuing for a long time. • One way of learning the community priorities is through stakeholder involvement and participatory approaches.

20. Lessons …… • People in the community has their own priorities (income generation, seasonal activities, etc.) but researchers should study these priorities in order to come up with sustainable interventions. • Affordable decentralized energy systems have tremendous effect to rural development and people’s livelihood as they cut across all sectors (education, health, water supply, agriculture, etc), • Smallholder biofuel farming system has multiplier effects to the rural economy (create employment, income, add value to commercial and social sectors in rural areas) • For any intervention to be sustainable- must change the life of people (in terms of income generation, solve their problems, meet their needs, etc)

21. THANK YOU FOR THIS OPPORTUNITY AND YOUR ATTENTION ! For more information, please contact TaTEDO, P. O. Box 32794, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel +255 22 2700438/2700771, Fax: +255 22 2774400 Email: energy@tatedo.org, Website: www.tatedo.org