Mastering Public Speaking: Conversational Skills and Ethical Principles

1. Chapter One:Speaking in Public Conversation vs. Public Speaking Controlling Nervousness Speech Model

2. Conversation vs. Public Speaking BOTH PUBLIC SPEAKING • Thoughts organized logically • Content & delivery tailored to audience • Delivered for maximum impact • Speech more highly organized • Language more formal • Different delivery

3. Controlling Nervousness • Ask questions in classes - speaking skills • Think positively – confident “self-talk “ • Rehearse until automatic – eye contact • Visualize – see positive audience response • Don’t expect perfection – just do your best

4. Transactional Speech Model I S R • Speaker (Enc/Dec) • Receiver (Enc/Dec) • Message • Channel • Feedback • Situation • Interference (M) Channel F S

5. Ch.2 Ethics • Define ethics -branch of philosophy studying right & wrong • Public speakers need strong ethics -public speaking is a form of power • Guidelines for speechmaking & listening • Plagiarism

6. Ethics of Speaking • Have ethical speech goal • Be fully prepared • Be honest • Avoid abusive language • Use ethics ALL the time (not just when convenient)

7. Ethics of Listening • Be respectful of all in the room • Avoid prejudging speakers • Free and open expression of ideas

8. Plagiarism • Defined: Presenting another’s ideas or words as your own. 3 Types: • Global-presenting another person’s entire speech as your own Hearing vs. Listening • Patchwork-patching together the parts of your speech by copying several sources • Incremental-failing to give credit for any quotes/paraphrases borrowed (not citing)

9. Ch. 3 Listening Hearing vs. Listening Importance for Speechmaking 4 Types of Listening 4 Causes of Poor Listening Improving Listening

10. Differences: Hearing – physical (sound waves) Listening – mental (attending & making sense

11. Listening: Importance • Most of us listen poorly • Listening is needed • on the job • at school • in all aspects of life • Listening improves speaking skills

12. 4 Types of Listening • Appreciative (to enjoy- music, comedy, etc.) • Empathic (for emotional support) • Comprehensive (to understand) • Critical (to evaluate-reasoning, evidence, facts)

13. 4 Causes of Poor Listening • Not concentrating (gap time) • Listening too hard (for too much detail) • Jumping to conclusions (assuming w/o hearing entire message) • Focusing on delivery/appearance (judging the person not the message)

14. 7 Ways to Improve Listening • Take it seriously • Listen actively • Resist distractions • Avoid judging looks or mannerisms • Suspend judgments until after over • Focus on ideas, evidence, & techniques to use • Take notes-main ideas & support

15. Ch. 8 The Body of the Speech

16. Four Introduction Goals • Attention getter • Hook - relate to audience.Why listen? • Clear Thesis Statement • Preview

17. Ch. 10 Conclusions • Restate thesis and main points • Tie back to Introduction • Close it strongly

18. Ch. 4 Selecting a Topic andPurpose • 4 Ways to Brainstorm • General vs. Specific Purpose Statements Specific Purpose vs. Central Idea Writing Purpose Statements & Central Ideas

19. Choosing a Topic Consider speech directions & choose ASAP! Brainstorming - Listing what comes to mind w/o judgment, then narrowing -Inventory your skills interests, experiences -Cluster possible topics into categories -Browse through materials (reference room) -Use search engines on computer

20. General vs. Specific Purpose • General:To inform (teach) Specific: To inform my audience of three types of solar heating General:To persuade (advocate) Specific:To persuade my audience that solar heating is better than fossil fuel heating systems :To persuade my audience to use solar heating in their homes

21. Central Idea • Clarifies specific purpose • Concise statement sums up what you expect to say • A thesis with subject & main points (reveals more than the specific purpose) • Usually written late in preparation process Use: • Full sentence • No Questions • No figurative language • Not vague/too general

22. Ch. 5 Audience Analysis Audience Centered Egocentric audiences Demographic traits Situational traits Audience analysis of class Audience adaptation

23. Be Audience Centered • Primary purpose: to get desired response • Ask: To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know? How can I write & present this for that aim? • Emphasize common values, goals, experiences

24. Appeal to Egocentric Tendency They listen selectively to what affects them, so use psychology on them! • Tell them how it affects in several ways • Make them want to listen - vivid examples, clear language, transitions, etc. • Relate it to what they already know/believe

25. Audience Demographics • Use ethically-avoid stereotyping! • Combine with situational analysis • Adapt to traits which can be counted: age racial, ethnic & cultural backgrounds gender sexual orientation education religious views, group memberships job intelligence residence student issues, etc. economics

26. Ch. 6 Gathering Materials

27. Ch. 7 Supporting Ideas

28. Ch. 14 Informative Speaking • Importance • Types of Informative Speeches • Organization • Criteria • 5 Guidelines or Tips

29. Importance • You will need to clearly give information the rest of your life! • Ability to convey knowledge effectively will help you in a wide range of situations: • At work • In personal and social relationships • When doing any business

30. Types of Informative Speeches • Objects: anything visible, tangible and stable in form (The Great Pyramid of Egypt) • Processes: a series of actions leading to a result (How to Study for a Test, etc.) • Events: anything which happens or is regarded as happening (The Holocaust) • Concepts-Beliefs, theories, ideas, principles (Gravity, Buddhism, etc.)

31. Organizing Informative Speeches • Objects: Chronological (the history of a place or person), spatial (Grand Canyon), or topical (Features of Digital Cameras) • Processes: Usually Chronological (How the Grand Canyon was Formed) and Topical (Methods Used by Stage Magicians) • Events: Chronological ( The History of the Women’s Movement), Causal (The Sinking of the Titanic), Topical (Basic Pilates Exercises)

32. Criteria for Informative Speaking • 3 criteria for effective informative speaking: • Be accurate • Be clear • Make it meaningful & interesting to the audience

33. Five Guidelines • Don’t over or underestimate audience knowledge • Relate it directly to your audience-work at it! • Avoid being too technical---it’s a general audience • Avoid abstractions • Use specific details • Use colorful, vivid descriptions • Use familiar comparisons to draw in your audience • Use contrast in concrete terms to give perspective • Personalize ideas! Use personal illustrations Dramatize ideas in human terms when possible Use examples (real or hypothetical) that personalize ideas

34. Ch. 11 Using Language • Important • Denotation vs. Connotation • Accurate • Clear • Vivid • Appropriate • Inclusive

35. Language is important • Gives meaning to events • creates our reality

36. Not neutral: - determines many reactions • Closely linked to thinking: • Right word =right idea • Like tools: • right word for right job

37. Denotation vs. Connotation • Denotation=precise, literal, objective • Dictionary definition • The same for all persons • Connotation=variable, figurative, subjective • Suggestion, implication • Can be different for each person

38. Use Language Accurately • Shades of meaning matter: Don’t use if not sure of meaning; look it up! Develop a plan to improve vocabulary Will pay off “big time” in the future

39. Use Language Clearly Meaning must be instantly clear to listeners: • Use familiar words- esp. if technical topic • Use concrete words • Eliminate clutter (lean and lively)

40. Use Vivid Language • Use imagery(create a mental picture w/ words) • Concrete, sensory words(pull listeners in) • Simile(compare unlike things using like or as) “Her voice was as soft as a gentle breeze.” • Metaphor(compare unlike things w/olike or as) “Her voice was a gentle breeze.” • Use rhythm:arranging words for interesting sounds • Parallelism - similar arrangement of words/phrases/ sentences • Repetition - same words/phrases at begin. or end of next sentence • Alliteration - same begin.consonant sound in close or next word • Antithesis – contrasting ideas (usually parallel structure)

41. Use Language Appropriately • For occasion – adjust to formality and etiquette • For audience - avoid possible offensive or confusing language • Profanity/off-color language ( not suitable in a formal setting) • Technical jargon (not suitable for a general audience) • Name calling or any abusive language • For topic – Choose language by type of speech – informative speech : straightforward, descriptive language - Commemoration : special devices (metaphor, alliteration, antithesis) - Persuasion : factual but also emotional appeals • For speaker –Be yourself at your best, not your worst • Not too casual and never offensive

42. Use Inclusive Language • Respect ALL groups • Do not stereotype, demean or patronize • Be ethical, accurate, and audience-centered • For inclusive language AVOID • Identifying jobs and social roles by gender • The generic “he” or “man” (use plurals instead) • Using names that groups use only for themselves • Identifying personal traits unrelated to the topic

43. Ch. 12 Delivery • Importance of good delivery • Characteristics of good delivery • Four methods of delivery • Eight aspects of voice • Four aspects of movement • Practicing delivery • Question/Answer sessions

44. Importance of Good Delivery • Good delivery: makes or breaks a speech! • Using nonverbal communication (voice and body) conveys your message • Good delivery is an art! • It is clear, interesting, and not distracting • It has formality & good conversational qualities: energy eye contact vocal and physical expression directness

45. Methods of Delivery • Manuscript or verbatim (word for word) -for strict time limits (the news) and accuracy (State of the Union) • Memorized - only when very short; known so well focus can be communicating rather than remembering • Impromptu - little or no preparation - use a formula (state topic, the point you want to make, enough support toprove it, summarize) • Extemporaneous (in class!) - Prepared and practiced in advance -from notes but wording can change -advantages: more conversational, natural, better eye contact.

46. Vocal Control • Adjust volume for room and audience • Adjust pitch to create interest/avoid dullness • Adjust rate for voice, mood of speech, audience and occasion • Use pauses for impact-to signal end of thought, let idea sink in, for dramatic effect . AVOID vocal pauses (um, like, you know, well, etc.)! • Use vocal variety-in the above ways to be dynamic not dull • Pronunciation –errors reduce credibility. Check dictionary or with others so rehearsing is correct. • Articulate carefully – each speech sound distinctly. Don’t be lazy! Diagnose errors then practice. (The college has free services here.) • Dialects (Accents, grammar patterns, vocabulary for region or ethnic group) - neither right nor wrong, but heavy use can cause problems if audience does not share it.

47. Physical Delivery • Four Aspects of Bodily Action • Appearance matters! • Movement- matters before during & after speech, avoid distracting moves • Gestures- plan for impact, don’t distract, be natural, adapt to audience and occasion • Eye Contact Creates a bond w/ audience Gets attention & credibility Helps audience perceive you as sincere, honest, comfortable Aids your response to audience feedback during speech

48. Improving Delivery • Say aloud the preparation outline - see if it sounds good, clarify and revise • Prepare speaking outline - (only key words/phrases in same format) • Practice aloud with your speaker outline now, just learn ideas and structure, not exact words • Polish using mirror (nonverbal), tape (verbal) and other persons (last) • Dress rehearse in as similar a situation as possible - empty class, w/visual aids, an audience if possible Start early to reduce tension and be in control!

49. Answering Audience ?s If Needed • ?s can impact the audience as much as the speech • Think of poss. ?s and answers, practicing aloud • Managing a ?/A session • Find out if there will be ?/A period. • Stay positive, calm and open. ?s show interest in your topic, are a chance to clarify and further impress audience. • Listen carefully to each ?, and ask for clarification if needed so you can answer. • Direct answers to entire audience (not just the one who asked), and restate each ? Before answering. • Be honest and straightforward. Say if you don’t know,offer to find out, but DON”T bluff! • Don’t waste time. Stay on track, avoid debating, and wrap up by thanking audience for their attention IF there is a ?/a period.

50. Ch. 13 Visual Aids • Advantages of using • Types • Guidelines for creating • Use