Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech

2. Nouns • Common vs. proper • Common-a person, place, thing, or idea • Ex. celebrity • Proper-a specific person place thing or idea • Ex. Katy Perry

3. Common vs. Proper practice • Cotton from Egypt has long, silky fibers. • Common: cotton and fibers • Proper: Egypt • Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky. • Common: none • Proper: Abraham Lincoln, Kentucky • Paul and his brother stopped to see the animals. • Common: brother, animals • Proper: Paul

4. Concrete vs. Abstract • Concrete: a noun that is material • Perceived by the senses • you can touch and see this type of noun • Ex. chair, house, car • Abstract: a noun that is immaterial • An idea, quality or state • You cannot touch or see this • Ex. Kindness, love, hate

5. Concrete vs. Abstract Practice • A silver bullet should be used to kill a werewolf. • Concrete: bullet, werewolf • Stories of monsters have always created suspense. • Abstract: suspense • Concrete: monsters, stories

6. Compound nouns • A noun made up of two words combined together to form one word • Ex. Flowerpot, southeast • The teacher writes our assignments on the chalkboard. • I can see your footprint in the sand.

7. Collective Nouns • A noun that appears singular, but denotes a group of persons or objects • Ex. Herd, clergy, jury • The pack of coyotes tried to eat my dog. • A flock of birds flew toward me so I ran away.

8. Pronouns • Personal pronouns • A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun. • Antecedent-the word the pronoun replaces • Types of personal pronouns

9. Personal Pronouns • Replace the noun with appropriate pronouns. • Tarzan wondered where Jane was. • He wondered where she was. • Tarzan and Jane were having a romantic dinner together. • They were having a romantic dinner together.

10. Personal Pronouns • Identify the antecedent in the following sentences and the pronoun which it replaced. • When dinosaurs walked the earth, they were impressive indeed. • P-they • A-dinosaurs • Experts on dinosaurs say that they were the largest land animals ever. • P-they • A-experts • Imagine the excitement a scientist would feel when he or she found dinosaur bones! • P-he or she (if the gender is unknown, you must use he or she!) • A-scientist

11. Indefinite Pronouns-refer to people, places or things without specifying which one • 3 types: singular, plural or both • Singular – use with “is” • another everyone nothing • anybody everything one • anyone much other • anything neither somebody • each nobody someone • either no one something • everybody • Everybody is going to the mall • Someone left his or her planner in the classroom.

12. Indefinite Pronouns-Plural • Use with “are” • both • few • many • others • several • Example: Both of them are going to the store • Example: Several of their friends are going on vacation.

13. Indefinite Pronouns-Singular or Plural • all • any • more • most • none • some • Use the subject to determine whether the personal pronoun is singular or plural. • Some of the jam is grosse. • Jam is singular, so you use is • Several of the containers were missing their labels. • Containers is plural, so you use the pronoun their

14. Indefinite Pronouns Practice • All of the students in the class enjoyed (their, his or her) time away from class. • Their-students is plural, therefore the matching pronoun is plural as well • Everybody brought (his or her, their) backpack with dry socks and shoes. • His or her- Everybody is a singular indefinite pronoun • Few in the group could resist (his or her, their) love for outdoor cooking. • Their-few is plural so the personal pronoun that corresponds must be plural as well

15. Verbs • A word used to express action or describe a state of being • 2 different types of verbs • 1. action-express an action that the subject of the sentence is carrying out • Examples: Donald laughed. Jane wrote a novel. Erma made some soup. (She’s engaged in the making of soup) • 2. linking-the verb links the complement back to the subject (the complement must give some information about or description of the subject) • Examples: Donald is funny. The novel became a bestseller. The soup smelled wonderful.

16. Transitive Verbs vs. Intransitive Verbs • Transitive-an action verb that appears with a direct object • Direct object: a person or thing that receives the action of the verb • Example: Simon met a pie-man, going to the fair. • Example: Simonbought a pie. • Intransitive-an action verb without a direct object • Example: Sam snores. • Example: Sally sneezed. • Example: The children snickered. • Example: All of the flowers wilted in the sun.

17. Auxiliary Verbs (helping verbs) • Combine with verbs to form verb phrases • Example: would have been climbing • Common auxiliary verbs: be, had, do, might, would, will, must, could, would • Hint: To identify verbs, use the WILL test • If you can put WILL in front of a word and the result is grammatical, then that word must be a verb.

18. The WILL Test for Verbs • Noun-Should we get another round? • Verb-The horses round the last post and head for home. • Adjective-He put a small, round pebble in his pocket. NOW APPLY THE WILL TEST! • Noun-Should we get another (will) round? • Verb-The horses (will) round the last post and head for home. • Adjective-He put a small, (will) round pebble in his pocket.

19. Adverbs • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs • Clue to help you remember: • ADVERB-modifies verbs • ADVERB-modifies adjectives • ADVERB-modifies other adverbs

20. Adverbs • Answer the questions where, when, how, and to what extent • Where-Put the new bookcases there, please. • When-Tomorrow, the painters begin work on our house. • How- Speak softly when you come into the nursery, so you don’t wake up the baby. • To what extent-The baby’s room is nearly complete.

21. Adverbs Practice • I genuinely love teaching. • Today, I will be dressed up in a costume. • I hope to attain a doctorate in literature someday.

22. Adverbs vs. Adjectives

23. Adverbs vs. Adjectives Practice • State if the underlined word is an adverb or adjective. • 1. She rarely brings a pencil to class, and I always give her a different one every day. • Rarely is an ________ • Different is an________ • Every is an _________ • 2. Julie is honestly the best dancer I have coached. • Honestly is an _________ • Best is an ____________

24. Prepositions • Shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence • Almost always comes BEFORE the noun • That is why it is called a preposition • Common prepositions: about, by, during, on, under, to • Example: He is going to the store. • Preposition: • Noun/pronoun: • Example: The toy is for you. • Preposition: • Noun/pronoun:

25. Prepositions • Indicate location: • The puppy is on the floor. • The puppy is in the trash can. • The puppy is beside the couch. • On, in and beside are showing where the puppy is.

26. Prepositions • Compound prepositions: • Prepositions formed from more than one word • Examples: according to, in place of, because of, and instead of, as of, next to, out of, prior to • Can also show location in time: during, since • At midnight, Jack and Jill went to a showing of Breaking Dawn: Part II. • During the marathon, my legs began to cramp. • Prepositional phrase: preposition + object

27. Prepositions