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Exploring Taxonomy in Biology: Classification and Evolutionary Relationships

Dive into the world of taxonomy in biology to understand how organisms are classified based on evolutionary relationships. Learn about the history of classification, from Aristotle to Linnaeus, and the importance of the modern system in grouping organisms. Explore the hierarchical classification system from kingdoms to species and how cladograms represent the evolutionary tree of life. Test your knowledge with practice questions and activities on classification, dichotomous keys, and more.

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Exploring Taxonomy in Biology: Classification and Evolutionary Relationships

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  1. BIOLOGY – AS YOU ENTER • Turn in missing work or labs • Turn off and put away cell phones • BONUS OPPORTUNITY – Pathogen project • TODAY: • LECTURE: TAXONOMY • TEST REVISIT

  2. SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. • Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. (six kingdoms) • EQ: Describe how the modern system of classification is used to group organisms.

  3. TAXONOMY The study of classifying & namingorganisms based on evolutionary relationships

  4. REASONS FOR CLASSIFICATION Same organism called different names  prevent confusion Ex. Cougar, puma, mountain lion Misnomers Ex. Ringworm, starfish, silverfish, sea cucumber, poison oak Needed international system for names  LATIN

  5. HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION Aristotle – • first to attempt classification (384 BC – 322 BC) • Divided organisms into land, water, air dwellers

  6. CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778) • Developed modern, universal classification of organisms (1707-1778) • Binomial nomenclature: (2-name naming system) by Genus and species • Capitalize Genusand lower case species • Underline or Italicize Ex. Homo sapiens Canis familiaris Felis domesticus

  7. CLASSIFICATION GROUPINGS – from broad to narrow  based on evolutionary relationships • KINGDOM divided into PHYLUM (phyla) divided into CLASS divided into ORDER divided into FAMILY divided into GENUS (genera) divided into SPECIES

  8. HUMAN CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Primates FAMILY Hominidae GENUS Homo SPECIES sapiens

  9. NEED HELP REMEMBERING? KINGS  KINGDOM PLAY PHYLUM CARDS  CLASS ON  ORDER FAT  FAMILY GREEN  GENUS STOOLS  SPECIES

  10. Notice each category becomes smaller and more specific

  11. The more closely 2 organisms are related, the more levels of classification they will have in common.

  12. B) A Cladogram represents a “tree of life” that shows the relationship between organisms – based on evolutionary relationships Common ancestor is shown at the base of the tree. Modern organisms shown at tips of branches Each time a branch divides into another branch, a new species evolves

  13. What organism Is most closely related to dinosaurs and birds? What organisms would have hair?

  14. A Cladogram of Vertebrates

  15. A Cladogram of all animals

  16. Review 6) Eukaryotic, heterotroph, no cell wall 7) Eukaryotic, heterotroph, cell wall of chitin 8) Eukaryotic, autotroph, cell wall of cellulose 9) “Dumping ground”; Eukaryotic, multi and uni-cellular; Algae, Ameoba, Paramecia Linnaeus 1) Who is the “father” of modern taxonomy? 2) What are the 7 levels of classification from broad to narrow? 3) What is the scientific name for humans? 4) “True bacteria” – prokaryotes 5) “Ancient bacteria” – extremophiles, prokaryotic Animalia Fungi Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Plantae Homo sapiens Eubacteria Protista Archaebacteria

  17. Pass out Study Guide and look at question # 6. a.Arechickens more closely related to lizards or chipmunks? b.Listall animals that have hair. Try c and d on your own

  18. TEST SECURITY - DESKS COMPLETELY CLEAR; PHONE IN BAG – AUTOMATIC DQ OF TEST REVISIT TEST DAY PROCEDURE: PHONES IN BAGS; BAGS TO LAB TABLES 1)Correct tests • Fully erase incorrect answer and Bubble in correct answer • Use book, notes, worksheets • No talking, no use of technology 2)Completevocabulary 1-5andquestions 1-6 and 8onStudy guide handout

  19. BIOLOGY – AS YOU ENTER • Turn to pg 2 of your notes • Turn off and put away cell phones TODAY: DICHOTOMOUS KEYS GROUP PRACTICE CALENDAR: THURSDAY 2/7: QUIZ MONDAY 2/11: TEST – TAXONOMY/VIRUSES; STUDY GUIDE DUE

  20. Review 6) Eukaryotic, heterotroph, no cell wall 7) Eukaryotic, heterotroph, cell wall of chitin 8) Eukaryotic, autotroph, cell wall of cellulose 9) “Dumping ground”; Eukaryotic, multi and uni-cellular; Algae, Ameoba, Paramecia Linnaeus 1) Who is the “father” of modern taxonomy? 2) What are the 7 levels of classification from broad to narrow? 3) What is the scientific name for humans? 4) “True bacteria” – prokaryotes 5) “Ancient bacteria” – extremophiles, prokaryotic Animalia Fungi Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Plantae Homo sapiens Eubacteria Protista Archaebacteria

  21. The picture to the side represents a: Cladogram According to the picture, what animal is most closely related to a Chimp? Mouse What organisms have fur and mammary glands Mouse and Chimp What is the only organism without jaws? Hagfish

  22. D) A DICHOTOMOUS KEY classifies organisms by contrasting traits. • There will be 1 fewer pair of statements than organisms classified • If you have 4 organisms, then you would have use 3 pairs of statements

  23. Class Practice • Leaves are shaped like needles…..go to 2 Leaves are broad and flat………..go to 3 2.Long needles grow in bunches of five…WHITE PINE Needles are short and grow singly along a branch…SITKA SPRUCE 3.Leaves are opposite……..go to 4 Leaves are alternate…….go to 5 4. Leaves are simple……….SILVER MAPLE Leaves are compound. Leaflets grow in a circle around the stem ….HORSE CHESTNUT 5. Leaves are simple……….go to 6 Leaves are compound…...go to 8 6. Leaves are lobed………..WHITE OAK Leaves are toothed……...go to 7 7. Leaves are long and slender…….WEEPING WILLOW Leaves are rounded…….CHOKE CHERRY 8. Branches have thorns……HONEY LOCUST Leaflets are toothed…….BLACK WALNUT • Look at the plant key on page 2 of your notes, D.

  24. Complete Group Activity – Key and Cladogram. *Begin with shark key *You may work alone or with 1 partner *Staple papers if working together 2) Complete Study Guide #s 7 and 9 (Alien Key) 3) Study Guide Vocab 1-5 and Questions 1-9

  25. Performance Standards- Taxonomy • SCSh9. Students will enhance reading in all curriculum areas by: • Building vocabulary knowledge • Use content vocabulary in writing and speaking • Explore understanding of new words found in subject area texts. • SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. • Compare how structure and function vary between the different kingdoms. • Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. (six kingdoms) • Essential Questions: • What are the 6 kingdoms of life, and characteristics and examples of each? • How are cladograms and dichotomous keys used to classify organisms?

  26. PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

  27. 1) List the 7 levels of classification. What is the broadest level? Most narrow • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species • Kingdom (most broad); Species (most narrow) • 2) The study of naming and classifying organisms is called: • TAXONOMY • 3) The individual who developed the modern, universal system of classification is: • LINNAEUS

  28. Performance Standards- Taxonomy • SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. • Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations. • Essential Questions: • Describe the main characteristics of viruses and if they are alive. • How can a dichotomous key be used to identify unknown organisms? • How can a cladogram be used to better understand the Theory of Evolution? • Why do we refer to a cladogram as the “tree of life”? • SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. • Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. (six kingdoms) • SCSh2.  Students will use standard safety practices for all classroom laboratory and field investigations. • Follow correct procedures for use of scientific apparatus. • Demonstrate appropriate technique in all laboratory situations. • Follow correct protocol for identifying and reporting safety problems and violations. • SCSh4. Students use tools and instruments for observing, measuring, and manipulating scientific equipment and materials. • Develop and use systematic procedures for recording and organizing information.

  29. Introduction to Viruses

  30. BIOLOGY – AS YOU ENTER • Open notes to pg 3 • Turn off and put away cell phones • TODAY: • LECTURE: VIRUSES • Complete Study Guide and Book Questions Thur: Quiz – Taxonomy and Viruses MON: Test: Taxonomy/Viruses; Study Guide and Book Questions

  31. Review 6) Eukaryotic, heterotroph, no cell wall 7) Eukaryotic, heterotroph, cell wall of chitin 8) Eukaryotic, autotroph, cell wall of cellulose 9) “Dumping ground”; Eukaryotic, multi and uni-cellular; Algae, Ameoba, Paramecia Linnaeus 1) Who is the “father” of modern taxonomy? 2) What are the 7 levels of classification from broad to narrow? 3) What is the scientific name for humans? 4) “True bacteria” – prokaryotes 5) “Ancient bacteria” – extremophiles, prokaryotic Animalia Fungi Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Plantae Homo sapiens Eubacteria Protista Archaebacteria

  32. Please look at # 7 on your study guide

  33. VIROLOGY – The study of viruses

  34. Discovery of Viruses 1.IWANOWSKI (1898) – Determined something smaller than bacteria caused Tobacco Mosaic Disease Named a Virus = poison in Latin 2.WENDELL STANLEY (1933) – Isolated TMV  gets credit for discovering viruses

  35. B) Characteristics VerySmall (Smaller than bacteria) Only seen with electron microscope Can affect many species (bacteriophage infects bacteria)

  36. 3. Subcellular – No cell parts; a) Nucleic Acid: DNA or RNA b) Capsid – Protein coat around nucleic acid • Protein “spikes” - help them attach to cells

  37. Living or Non-living? No life activities except reproduction C. Viral Reproduction requires a livinghost

  38. LYTIC CYCLE– Causes immediate disease Examples: Cold, flu – 5 steps  1) Attachment 2) Entry (by injection, endocytosis, or injured cell wall/membrane) 3) Replication 4) Assembly 5) Rupture (Lysis) C. Viral Reproduction – Requires a host – can become active immediately or lie dormant

  39. LYSOGENIC CYCLE-Virus is dormant before causing disease (Ex. HIV, Herpes) Viral DNA becomes part ofcell’s DNA - hides from immune system Enters into Lytic cycleafter infecting 1000s of cells 1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Viral DNA becomes part of Cell’s 4. Viral DNA reproduces with cell 5. Replication and Assembly 6. Lysis

  40. Why are viruses not considered alive? • Require a host to reproduce and no other life functions • Term for the outer coat of a virus • Capsid • Purpose of protein spikes • Attach to cell • Type of life cycle used by a virus that becomes dormant before causing disease • Lysogenic • 5 steps of the lytic cycle • Attachment, Entry, Replication, Assembly, Lysis

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