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RNA and Protein Synthesis

Learn how RNA, including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA, plays a key role in protein synthesis, from transcription to translation. Understand DNA-RNA differences, codons, amino acids, and the importance of mutations.

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RNA and Protein Synthesis

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  1. RNA and ProteinSynthesis

  2. A. RNAstructure 1. RNA (ribonucleicacid) - single-strandednucleicacidthat directs protein production.

  3. 2. RNANUCLEOTIDE has a RIBOSEsugar. URACIL base replaces THYMINE.

  4. Thinking question: What are the BASE PAIRS in RNA? A-U C-G

  5. B. RNAFunction 1. DNA holds the information to makeproteins. It isstuckinside the nucleus becauseitis large.

  6. a. RNAissmaller, and moves between the nucleus and other parts of the cell to makeproteins.

  7. -Proteins are built at the RIBOSOME, a structure outside of the NUCLEUS.

  8. b. RNAis made in a waythatseemssimilar to DNA REPLICATION. It is important to rememberthatthey are differentprocesses.

  9. C. RNATypes 1. MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) - long strandsthat are made complimentary to DNA, carries instructions for makingproteinsfromDNA to RIBOSOME.

  10. 2. RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA) are part of the structure of the RIBOSOME, a part of the cell where proteins are made.

  11. 3. TRANSFER RNA (tRNA) are three-nucleotide segments, theycarry specific AMINO ACID (determined by mRNA) to the ribosome.

  12. D. TRANSC-RIPTION 1. TRANSCRIPTIONis the process of usingDNA segments to makecomplimentaryRNAstrands. Thinking Question: Whatdoescomplimentarymean?

  13. a. EnzymeRNA POLYMERASE unzips DNA and binds to one of the two strands, which will become a TEMPLATE.

  14. b. RNA POLYMERASE adds complimentary NUCLEOTIDES to build a strand of mRNA.

  15. c. Mistakes are removed in pieces called INTRONS. EXONS, the leftover pieces, are joined to make a complete mRNA strand.

  16. d.mRNA leaves the NUCLEUS to the CYTOPLASM, arriving at the RIBOSOME for the next step.

  17. What does the complimentary mRNA strand look like for this strand of DNA? T A C G T T C A G G C T A C A A G T A U G C A A G U C C G A U G U U C A

  18. DNA RNA Venn Diagram: DNA vs RNA structure Double stand Single strand Sugar PhosphateBase ACGU ACGT Ribose Deoxyribose Can travelaround cell Stays in nucleus

  19. E. Transl-ation 1. POLYPEPTIDES are long chains made of AMINO ACIDS– becomefunctioningproteins • 20 in nature

  20. a. A CODON is a group of threemRNA bases. EachCODON codes for one AMINO ACID.

  21. Thinking question: Wheredid the mRNAjust come from?

  22. 2. TRANSLATION – reading the mRNA code to buildproteins. a. It beginswhenmRNAgets to the RIBOSOME.

  23. b. EachtRNA has a 3-base sequencecalled an ANTI-CODON, whichisCOMPLIMENTARYto an mRNACODON.

  24. c. tRNA carries one AMINO ACID on top, and bringsit to theRIBOSOME to build a POLYPEPTIDE.

  25. -Remember: the mRNACODONdetermines the specificAMINO ACID thatisbroughtto the chain

  26. d. TRANSLATIONstarts at the START CODON (AUG on mRNA) and goes until a STOP CODON is reachedand theprotein iscomplete.

  27. 3.The SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS DETERMINES THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF A PROTEIN – change the sequence, change the protein

  28. 3. One GENE codes for and produces one POLYPEPTIDE.

  29. GUESS WHO'S BAAAAAAAACCCCCCKKKKKKKK.....?!?!?

  30. Alien Encounters C A A G G A T A T G U U C C U A U A Val – Pro - Ile Hairless

  31. Transcription and Translation Review

  32. a. Enzyme RNA POLYMERASE binds to the PROMOTER on DNA in the nucleus. TRANSCRIPTION Step 1: Open DNA

  33. b. RNA POLYMERASE unzips and untwists DNA.

  34. a. RNA POLYMERASE adds mRNA nucleotides based on the DNA strand. TRANSCRIPTION Step 2: MakemRNA

  35. a. RNA POLYMERASE checks for and removes errors. TRANSCRIPTION Step 3: CheckmRNA

  36. a. Complete mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. TRANSCRIPTION Step 4: Leave the nucleus

  37. TRANSLATION Step 1: Ribosome a. mRNA attaches to a RIBOSOME in the cytoplasm.

  38. TRANSLATION Step 2: tRNA Builds protein a. tRNA molecules bring AMINO ACIDS one at a time to the ribosome

  39. b. Each tRNA has an ANTI-CODON complimentary to an mRNA CODON.

  40. c. AMINO ACIDS bond together to make a POLYPEPTIDE chain.

  41. TRANSLATION Step 3: mRNA Is released a. When a STOP CODON is reached, mRNA and protein are released.

  42. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA&t=2s

  43. In your notebook: In your own words, write a paragraph describing the process of protein synthesis. Include both transcription and translation.

  44. Define all vocabulary words from p. 372-376 • Describe MUTATIONS and explain how they occur. • Describe what a POINT MUTATION is. • Explain how a SUBSTITUTIONmutation occurs • Describe a FRAME SHIFT MUTATION. • Explain INSERTIONS and DELETIONS. • What is a CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION?. • Describe MUTAGENS and give two examples. • Explain the harmful effects of MUTATIONS. • Explain the benefits of MUTATIONS.

  45. Mutations(Ch 13.3)

  46. DescribeMutations And explain how theyoccur A. MUTATIONS are heritable changes in genetic information. Thinking question: What does heritable mean?

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