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Functions in the Sentence

Functions in the Sentence. William G Banks PhD. Subject. Subject always identified by NP, Subjects usually begin the sentence. Example, AdvP , and Aux Verbs Exception: There are five unicorns in the parking lot. (Expletive Subject). Subject Diagnostic

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Functions in the Sentence

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  1. Functions in the Sentence William G Banks PhD.

  2. Subject • Subject always identified by NP, • Subjects usually begin the sentence. Example, AdvP, and Aux Verbs Exception: There are five unicorns in the parking lot. (Expletive Subject) Subject Diagnostic Inversion with the AUX in Yes/No questions My sister will be home soon. Will my sister be home soon? Agreement with the Verb/Aux My sister is angry. My sisters are angry. c. Tag questions My sisters are nice, aren’t they?

  3. Predicate • Everything in the sentence that is not the subject. • Predicate is always part of VP We play football in the park.

  4. Complements • It follows the verb • There are various types; Direct and Direct Objects; Subject and Object Predicates • Objects occur as sisters to the verb

  5. Passive Sentences I saw him. (Active) He was seen by me. (Passive) • Passives are useful when we don’t know the agent of the action. • Passives are variants of non-passive or active active ones and come about by switching the subject and the object and by adding a form of to Be • Passivation is a way to distinguish between objects • The decision was made by a small group of people.

  6. Indirect Object • Indirect Object expresses the goal or the beneficiary of the action I gave Santa a letter. I made Harry some soup. • Indirect Object can be passivized as well. When a sentence has both an Indirect and Direct Objects. It is the Indirect Object that becomes the subject. Santa was given a letter by me. I made Harry some soup. • Indirect Object can be followed by the prepositions to, in the case of the goal, and for, in the case of the beneficiary. I gave a letter to Santa. I made some soup for Harry.

  7. Subject Predicates • Subject Predicate, contrived in the AdjP… • Verb usually used are be, become, or can be replaced by it He is [pleasant]; He is [a nice person]; He is [in the garden] • Other associated verbs: feel, look, grow, and smell This silk feels nice; That problem looks hard; The kitten grew tired; Those raspberries smell nice.

  8. Object Predicates • Object Predicate, contrived in the AdjP, but can also be a NP or PP. The students found the exam difficult. AdjP Jane considers Pride and Prejudice a classic. NP She put the cup on the table. PP

  9. Verbs and Functions Verbs are unique depending on what objects or object predicates they select. • Intransitive Verbs, these are verbs with no objects • Transitive Verbs, these are verbs that select objects. • Copula or Linking Verbs, these are verbs that select subject predicate. • Complex Transitive, these are verbs that have object and object predicates

  10. Intransitive Verbs(No complements) • Swim, Walk, Arrive, Cough, Sleep, and Sneeze He sneezed and sneezed. He slept during the meeting.

  11. Ditransitive Verbs(Direct and Indirect Compliments needed) • Swim, Walk, Arrive, Cough, Sleep, and Sneeze They told the public a lie. I played hima tune..

  12. Copula Verbs (One Subject Predicate) be, become, seem, appear, look, remain, keep, stay, fall, turn He feels tired. She seems devastated. I am happy. He is in the garden (Small Clause)

  13. Complex Transitive (One Direct Object, and an Object Predicate) consider, find, know He considers itpleasant. She finds itscary.

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