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The sentence

The sentence. Begin with a capital letter and ends with a full stop and makes a complete thought When he arrived yesterday after we had finished the party. He came. They went again but I would not go with them Once she has told you about it you only need a confirmation Who was that?

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The sentence

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  1. The sentence • Begin with a capital letter and ends with a full stop and makes a complete thought • When he arrived yesterday after we had finished the party. • He came. • They went again but I would not go with them • Once she has told you about it you only need a confirmation • Who was that? • Come home early.

  2. The sentence • These sentences can be looked at from 2 grammatically relevant perspectives • We can look at the structure • We can look at the discoursal function • For example, the following sentence reflects the info: • We have informed him – states fact/ 1 clause • We love you because you are our son. States fact/ it contains 2 clauses • Why have you come so early? Asks a question/ 1 clause • These properties enable us classify sentences into a variety of types based on 2 factor: • Function – functional classification • Structure – structural classification

  3. A sentence may perform 4 discoursal function: • They can state facts – statements/declaratives • He is right you are not serious he speaks English • They can ask questions – interrogative • There are 3 types of interrogative questions: • WH questions: how far are you going? • Yes/no interrogatives: will you come tomorrow? • Alternative interrogatives: do you study French or English?

  4. They can make requests, orders, directives, instructions, prohibitions, commands – imperative • Be patient don’t go away be quiet will you • Somebody help let us pray shut up you two • They can express emotion – exclamatory • There are exclamatory sentences which take the structure of interrogative: • Aren’t you a darling! • Isn’t he funny • There are other exclamatory sentences that begin with the interrogators ‘how’ and ‘what’ • How careful you are what a strange language you are speaking! • How elegant she is • What a friend you are

  5. Structural classification • Looking at the structure of sentences we can classify them into: • Simple sentences; and • Non-simple sentences • A simple sentence contains only one clause • He is a friend • The Faculty of Arts is organising a durbar on Monday at the University’s recreational Quadrangle • A non-simple sentence contains more than 1 clause. 3 types of non-simple sentences are classified based on the type of clauses in them: • Compound sentence • Complex sentence • Compound complex sentence

  6. Non-simple sentences • The compound sentence consists of 2 or more independent clauses joined together by the coordinators – and, but, or • Examples: • I will first go to town and buy those items • She spoke very articulately and the audience applauded her • They must be there or they will lose the contract • You are beautiful but you have an ugly character

  7. Non-simple sentence • A complex sentence contains 1 independent clause and at least 1 dependent clause introduced linked by a subordinator (before, after, while, when, because, etc.) • In the a complex sentence one of the clauses serves as a subject, an object, a complement or an adjunct. Example: • We did the work while waiting for them • She fixed the machine as soon as I told her before leaving for town

  8. Compound complex • A compound complex sentence possesses 2 or more independent clause and at least 1 dependent clause. Example: • We came together and built this structure after we had been invited on board • They took all their belongings but because we had surrounded the building they abandoned them and took to their heels.

  9. The communicative relevance of topic: • Types must be combined

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