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An Introduction of Scientific Reading in English

Learn essential academic writing strategies: Cause-Effect analysis, S-P-S-E structure, Comparison-Contrast method for impactful research.

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An Introduction of Scientific Reading in English

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  1. An Introduction of Scientific Reading in English 報告人: 蘇明鴻 教授, 高雄應用科技大學工管系所 Department of Industrial Engineering & Management National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences CSU-KUAS

  2. 1 2 4 6 7 3 5 Outline Title Description-General Organization Introduction IMRD Methods Results & Discussions Abstract Acknowledgement & References

  3. Title

  4. Title • T1: The preferred style for a title is a short onecontaining mostly nouns and prepositions (instead of a full sentence). • T2: Colons (:) are widely used in titles to separate ideas.

  5. T1: 基本組成為名詞、介系詞 • 使用互補方法預評國外市場機會：國家群集分類與排序 T2: 用冒號分隔

  6. Description-General Organization

  7. GO1: Cause-Effect • Cause-effect (Fishbone Diagram) • One cause and one/multiple effect(s) • Multiple causes and one/multiple effect(s)

  8. Example • Too much homework can cause students to learn less. • Listening to music on earphones can damage your hearing. • Children who do not like to eat healthy food or exercise may become overweight and be teased by their peers. Thinking: Passive Voice!!

  9. GO2: S-P-S-E • One very common strategy in academic writing is to organize information in terms ofSituation-Problem-Solution-Evaluation. • Four internal parts (four moves): • Description of aSituation • Identification of aProblem • Description of aSolution • Evaluationof the solution

  10. S-P-S-E Example (1/4) • International students often study English for many years before going to an English-speaking country to pursue a graduate degree. • Their study of English usually focuses on grammar and reading, with little attention paid tospeaking, writing, and listening (Belcher, 1994)

  11. S-P-S-E Example (2/4) • Despite their many years of English instruction, after arriving at an English-speaking country, many international students understandably find that their interactive skills are weak. • In particular, they often experience difficulty using their English, which can result in frustration and misunderstanding.(resulting in…)

  12. S-P-S-E Example (3/4) • Recent research has shown that one way to overcome this frustration is to arrange a language exchange with a native speaker of English who wants to learn a foreign language (Brennan, 1991). • In this arrangement, the two partners exchange their knowledge of their native languages, thus providing a comfortable learning environment.

  13. S-P-S-E Example (4/4) • Language exchanges can be one of the best ways to enhance one’s language skills because they are done on a one-to-one basis.

  14. GO3: Comparison-Contrast • Comparison-contrast • A readingabove 50means the industry is expanding, whilea scorebelow the neutral levelindicates contraction. • The US knows how to play to China’s vanity, and as a result, the US wins on substance, while China is more concerned with appearances. Notice: Linking Words and Phrases!!

  15. Introduction

  16. Introduction (1/3) • I1-Move 1: Establishing a research territory • Step 1: By showing that thegeneralresearch is important, interesting, problematic, or relevant in some way. (obligatory) • Step 2: Byintroducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area. (obligatory) • Literature Review

  17. Introduction (2/3) • I2-Move 2: Establishing a niche • By indicating a gap or contrastive statement found in the previous research, or/and • By extending previous knowledge in some way. (obligatory)

  18. Introduction (3/3) • I3-Move 3: Occupying the niche • By outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research. (obligatory) • Also possible: • By stating the value of the present research (obligatory in IE field) • By indicating the structure of research article/thesis • By listing research questions or hypotheses (social science) • By announcing principal findings (less common in IE field)

  19. Example • A recent published Paper

  20. Methods

  21. Methods • M1: Move 1: Overview of themethodology • M2: Move 2: Statistical treatment • Sampling techniques • M3: Move 3: Computational procedures • M4: Move 4: Programming (Suggestion: Matlab)

  22. Example • A recent published Paper

  23. Results & Discussions

  24. Results & Discussion • RD1-Move 1: Elucidating data analysis procedures • RD2-Move 2: Reporting results • RD3-Move 3: Commenting on results • Step 1: Interpreting results • Step 2: Comparing results with literature • Step 3: Evaluating results • Step 4: Account for results (managerial implication)

  25. Example • A recent published Paper

  26. Abstract

  27. Abstract (1/2) • A1-An abstract in a research article usually consist of a single paragraph containing from about 4 to 10 full sentences. • An abstract for a thesis/dissertation is much longer. It can contain 2-3 paragraphs.

  28. Abstract (2/2) • Two main approaches to writing an abstract. • A2-Summary Abstracts: provide one- or two-sentence synopses of each of the four sections (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion; IMRD). • A3-Results-Driven Abstracts: concentrate on the research findings and might be concluded from them.

  29. 應用DMAIC技術提升液晶顯示器彩色濾光片之製程良率應用DMAIC技術提升液晶顯示器彩色濾光片之製程良率 Abstract 本研究是應用六標準差DMAIC技術的流程步驟-DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control)改善TFT-LCD與Color STN-LCD彩色濾光片的重力與週邊色差缺陷的問題，以提升彩色濾光片的製程能力 (良率)。因為彩色濾光片不良率大部分來至重力與週邊色差的缺陷，所以本研究首先定義(Define)出彩色濾光片製程中，Photo Spacer (PS)製程是決定重力與週邊色差品質特性值之關鍵製程，接著衡量(Measure)量測系統以確認量測系統之準確性。由於造成重力與週邊色差缺陷的因子頗為複雜，本研究進一步分析(Analyze)出影響重力與週邊色差的關鍵因子，再利用實驗設計的方法進行實驗測試，以得到關鍵因子最佳化的參數組合，並進行驗證。最後進行改善(Improve)重力與週邊色差的缺陷率，並將關鍵因子最佳化參數列為管控(Control)項目。本研究結果顯示，以六標準差的DMAIC技術流程進行彩色濾光片的PS製程改善，重力與週邊色差缺陷所造成的彩色濾光片不良率降低，因而提升TFT-LCD與Color STN -LCD的產品品質。

  30. KUAS Table 1. 針對一期刊所整理的聯接詞之出現頻率 寫作作者最愛使用的連接詞 P.23

  31. Example • A recent published Paper

  32. Acknowledgement & References

  33. In a published research paper, the acknowledge comes at the end of the paper, after the Discussion/Conclusion is finished. • However, in a thesis/dissertation, the acknowledgement comes at the beginning, before the readers get to read the content of your thesis.

  34. References 作者姓名按照字母順序排列

  35. Example 1 (Human Factor Paper) • Example 2 (Work Measurement Paper) • Example 3 (Service Quality Paper) • Example 4 (Business Intelligent paper)

  36. References • Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B., Academic Writing for Graduate Student: Essential Tasks and Skills, The University of Michigan Press, 2004. • Lester, Mark, ESL Grammar, McGraw-Hill’s Essential, 2008. • Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B., English in Today’s Research World: A Writing Guide, The University of Michigan Press, 2000.

  37. Q & A

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