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The Struggle for Justice at Home

The Struggle for Justice at Home. Chapter 25 Section 4 Angela Brown. Discrimination Continues. Jim Crow Laws Continue De facto segregation continues in the North. De Juro segregation continues in the south. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/images/3jimc0315b.jpg.

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The Struggle for Justice at Home

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  1. The Struggle for Justice at Home Chapter 25 Section 4 Angela Brown

  2. Discrimination Continues • Jim Crow Laws Continue • De facto segregation continues in the North. • De Juro segregation continues in the south. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/images/3jimc0315b.jpg

  3. http://www.nps.gov/malu/graphics/jimcrow1.gif http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp /ppmsc/00200/00218r.jpg http://pbsvideodb.pbs.org/ resources/eyes/images/ph3.jpg

  4. Economic Discrimination • 1 out of 5 African Americans were jobless in 1941. • Government agencies honored employers requests of “whites only”. • 2 million migrated North in the 1940s. http://www.asmilan.org/ teachers/kwheatley/ pictures/WHII/slaves /TheJimCrowLaws-Front.jpg

  5. Riots in Detroit • June 1943 • 34 killed • Millions of $$ worth of damage • Spurred by fear and resentment. http://www.amren.com/0110issue/C-CARsml.JPG

  6. Substandard Housing • 1941 survey showed 50% African Americans vs. only 14% white houses to be substandard. http://www.vinylbydesign.com/docs/images/VPH_condemn.jpg

  7. Soldiers and Segregation • Troops are still segregated. • Kansas restaurant served German prisoners of war but would not serve African American GI’s in uniform. http://www.kshs.org/cool2/coolpow.htm

  8. “Double V” Campaign http://www.yurasko.net/vv/index.html • Pittsburgh Courier (African American Newspaper) launched campaign in 1942. • The first v for victory against the Axis powers the second for victory in equality at home. • 1942 poll should 6 out of 10 white Americans felt African Americans were satisfied with their existing conditions. • The Government mirrored this attitude.

  9. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • 1942 Chicago - believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism. • Organized its first sit-ins at Jack Spratt Coffee House – refused to leave until everyone was served • Ended Jack Spratt’s discriminatory policies. • The technique spread to other cities

  10. A. Phillip Randolph • Planned a massive march on Washington for July, 1941 to protest factory discrimination. • FDR concerned about the effect on national unity signed Executive Order 8802. • Randolph called off the march. http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/laborhall/images/apr3.jpg

  11. Executive Order 8802 • Opened Jobs and job training programs to all Americans in defense plants. • Set up the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) – to hear complaints about job discrimination in defense industries and the government. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Village/2734/Roosevelt.JPG

  12. A. Philip Randolph • After the war, became Vice-President of the AFL and CIO in 1955. • Directed the 1963 March on Washington • Stood beside Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as he gave his “I have a Dream” speech to 200,000 people. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/images/mlkihaveadreamgogo.jpeg

  13. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr • Charismatic minister from Harlem • 1944 became one of only two African Americans in Congress. • “Powell Amendments” – called for the cut-off of federal funds to any organization that practiced racial discrimination. http://www.harlemheritage.com/3A39172R.JPG

  14. Mexican Americans • Faced discrimination but gained new job opportunities in the defense industries. • Bracero = workers • 1942 – 1947 200,000 Mexican Farm Workers came to work in Bracero Program. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/latinos/braceros-california-1.jpg

  15. http://www.fiftiesweb.com/fashion/ducktail.htm Zoot Suit Riots • Look offended people. • Sailors on leave hunted and beat them for un-American look. • June 1943 street fighting turned into riots. http://media.mnginteractive.com/media/paper36/BZ06SUAVECITO.jpg

  16. Papers blamed the Mexicans. • Police arrested the Mexicans. • Army and Navy restricted soldiers off-duty access to Los Angeles. http://www.suavecito.com/images/Staff/JayCraigA.jpg

  17. Native Americans • Many joined the armed forces or moved to cities and joined the defense industry. • They had to adapt quickly to white culture. Most did not return to reservations after the war. • The Cultural transition brought a sense of having lost their roots. http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/nativeamerican01/images/gorman.jpg

  18. Japanese Americans • 127,000 Japanese lived in the U.S. in 1941. Most lived on the West Coast. • 2/3 were Nisei (people born in the U.S. of parents who had emigrated from Japan) • Prejudice was strong. http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/nisei/index8_pacific.html

  19. Hostility grew into hatred and hysteria. • Rumors of sabotage and the press left Americans feeling that Japanese spies were everywhere. http://www.klast.net/bond/covers/spies_owen.jpg

  20. Japanese Relocation • Feb. 19, 1942 FDR signed executive order 9066. • It authorized the Sec. of War to establish military zones on the west coast and remove “any or all persons” from such zones. http://education.nebrwesleyan.edu/eisenhower/partsites/northeastpage/safarik/ internmentpage.html

  21. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8420/gallery.html • Foreign born Italians and Germans were forced to move away from the coast but those orders were soon changed.

  22. The War Relocation Authority • Purpose to set up and move out everyone of Japanese Ancestry. • 110,000 citizens and non-citizens were placed in Internment camps. http://education.nebrwesleyan.edu/eisenhower/partsites/northeastpage/ safarik/internmentpage.html

  23. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8420/gallery.html • Many Japanese lost businesses, farms, homes, and other property – most lost everything.

  24. Manzanar • Wooden barracks • One room per family • Barbed Wire • Armed guards http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/manzanar2/20-2345a.gif

  25. Japanese Americans provided most of California’s produce. • Their internment (farmers and grocer’s) threw parts of California’s agriculture sector into chaos. • Lost their primary supply of fruits and vegetables. http://www.varley.net/Pages/images/Valley%20of%20 Death/Manzanar%20sign,%20March%2010,%202005%20.jpg

  26. In 1945 Internees were allowed to leave the camp. • Some returned home. • Most others had lost everything. • Americans came to believe internment was an injustice. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/fsa/8a31000/8a31100/8a31154r.jpg

  27. Legal Challenges • Four cases eventually reached the Supreme Court challenging the Internment policy. • The Supreme Court ruled wartime relocation was unconstitutional. • Korematsu v U.S. (1944) majority opinion said “military urgency of the situation demanded all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated temporarily”. • The dissenting opinion stated internment was an “an obvious racial discrimination.” http://www.goforbroke.org/history/images/timeline44_2.gif

  28. Nisei Soldiers • 20,000 served in the armed forces. • 1200 volunteered from relocation centers. • The 442nd regimental combat team fought in France and Germany. • They won more medals for bravery than any other unit in U.S. History. http://wwwstatic.1b1b.com/gems/american/militaryservice.png

  29. In 1988 Congress awarded each surviving Japanese American Internee a tax-free payment of $20,000 and officially apologized. http://www.k12.hi.us/~gt/cyberfair2/reunions/all.jpg

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