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BASIC CHEMISTRY

BASIC CHEMISTRY. BASIC CHEMISTRY. ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND COMPOUNDS ATOM SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER CAN NOT BE BROKEN DOWN BY ANY ORDINARY CHEMICAL MEANS ONLY ABOUT 100 KINDS OF ATOMS ELEMENTS SUBSTANCES MADE OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM COMPOUNDS TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ATOMS ARE COMBINED.

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BASIC CHEMISTRY

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  1. BASIC CHEMISTRY

  2. BASIC CHEMISTRY • ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND COMPOUNDS • ATOM • SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER • CAN NOT BE BROKEN DOWNBY ANY ORDINARY CHEMICALMEANS • ONLY ABOUT 100 KINDS OFATOMS • ELEMENTS • SUBSTANCES MADE OF ONLYONE KIND OF ATOM • COMPOUNDS • TWO OR MORE DIFFERENTKINDS OF ATOMS ARE COMBINED

  3. BASIC CHEMISTRY

  4. BASIC CHEMISTRY • MAJOR ELEMENTS FOR BIOLOGY

  5. BASIC CHEMISTRY • STRUCTURE OF ATOMS • SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES • PROTONS • NEUTRONS • ELECTRONS • ATOMIC MODEL • INACCURATE, BUTHELPS US BESTUNDERSTAND THINGS • ATOMIC NUCLEUS & ELECTRON ORBITALS

  6. BASIC CHEMISTRY • STRUCTURE OF ATOMS • ATOMIC NUMBER • # OF PROTONS • ATOMIC MASS • # OF PROTONS +# OF NEUTRONS

  7. BASIC CHEMISTRY • STRUCTURE OF ATOMS • ISOTOPES • ATOMS THAT DIFFERONLY BY THE # OFNEUTRONS • SAME ATOMIC #,DIFFERENT ATOMICMASS

  8. BASIC CHEMISTRY • RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES • MANY ISOTOPES ARE UNSTABLE, AND SLOWLY BREAKDOWN • THE EMISSION OF PARTICLES DURING THIS BREAKDOWN IS CALLED RADIOACTIVITY • SCIENCE USES THIS PROCESS FOR HELPFUL TOOLS; RADIOACTIVE DATING (CARBON DATING), RADIOACTIVE DIAGNOSIS, RADIATION THERAPY, ETC.

  9. BASIC CHEMISTRY • STRUCTURE OF ATOMS • ELECTRONS • NORMALLY, ATOMSHAVE THE SAME# OF ELECTRONS ASPROTONS • THEREFORE,(+) = (-) SO THE ATOMIS NEUTRAL • ELECTRON SHELLS

  10. BASIC CHEMISTRY • STRUCTURE OF ATOMS • ELECTRON SHELLS • A.K.AVALENCE SHELLS • ATOMS ARE “HAPPIEST”WHEN THEIRELECTRON SHELLS AREFILLED • ELECTRONS DON’TEXIST ALONE, SOWHERE ARE THEREMORE TO FIND TOFILL SHELLS???

  11. BASIC CHEMISTRY • CHEMICAL BONDING • THE FORCE THAT HOLDS ATOMS TOGETHER • TWO MAJOR TYPES • COVALENT BONDING VS. IONIC BONDING

  12. BASIC CHEMISTRY • COVALENT BONDING • CHEMICAL BOND THAT RESULTS FROM THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS • ALWAYS RESULTS IN A MOLECULE • TWO OR MORE ATOMS COMBINE AND ACT AS A SINGLE PARTICLE

  13. BASIC CHEMISTRY • IONIC BONDING • CHEMICAL BOND THAT RESULTS FROM THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN ATOMS • RESULTS FROM THE FORMATION OF IONS • AN ATOM THAT HAS LOST OR GAINED ELECTRONS, GIVING IT EXCESS ELECTRIC CHARGE

  14. BASIC CHEMISTRY • CHEMICAL FORMULA VS. STRUCTURAL FORMULA

  15. BASIC CHEMISTRY • CHEMICAL REACTIONS • THE FORMATION OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES FROM THE COMBINATION OF EXISTING ATOMS (MOLECULES) • REACTANTS VS. PRODUCTS • *LAW OFCONSERVATION OFMASS*

  16. BASIC CHEMISTRY • CHEMICAL REACTIONS • UNBALANCED VS. BALANCED EQUATIONS

  17. BASIC CHEMISTRY • CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS VS MIXTURES • COMPOUNDS • ATOMS, OR IONS, ARE JOINED TOGETHER BY A CHEMICAL BOND • MIXTURES • SUBSTANCES ARE PHYSICALLY COMBINED (OR MIXED) WITHOUT FORMING A NEW CHEMICAL BOND

  18. BASIC CHEMISTRY • MIXTURES • SOLUTIONS VS SUSPENSIONS VS COLLOIDS

  19. BASIC CHEMISTRY • MIXTURES • SOLUTIONS • HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE • SOLUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION • SOLVENT • THE SUBSTANCE THAT MAKES UP THE BULK OF THE SOLUTION • SOLUTE • SUBSTANCES DISSOLVED IN THE SOLVENT • SUSPENSION • A MIXTURE THAT SEPARATES • COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS • MIXTURE THAT IS “IN-BETWEEN” A SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

  20. BASIC CHEMISTRY • ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS • SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS THAT FORM SPECIAL “SOLUTIONS” WHEN MIXED WITH WATER • ACID • ANY COMPOUND THAT PRODUCES [H+] IN SOLUTION • BASE • ANY COMPOUND THAT PRODUCES [OH-] IN SOLUTION

  21. BASIC CHEMISTRY • ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS • SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS THAT FORM SPECIAL “SOLUTIONS” WHEN MIXED WITH WATER • NEUTRALIZATION • THE PROCESS OF REACTING AN ACID AND A BASE TO PRODUCE A NEUTRAL SOLUTION • RESULTS IN WATER AND SALTS • SALTS • AN IONIC COMPOUND PRODUCED BY THE NEUTRALIZATION REACTION N BETWEEN ACID AND BASE

  22. BASIC CHEMISTRY • THE pH SCALE

  23. BASIC CHEMISTRY • pH SCALE • pH IS THE UNIT WE USE TO MEASURE THE [H+] IN A SOLUTION • SCALE RANGES FROM 0 – 14 (LOGARITHMIC SCALE…POWER OF 10) • DIFFERENCE OF 1 pH = 10X DIFFERENCE IN STRENGTH • BECAUSE WE MEASURE [H+], BASES CAN BE DEFINED A DIFFERENT WAY!!!

  24. BASIC CHEMISTRY • pH INDICATORS • SUBSTANCE THAT CHANGES COLOR BASED ON THE ACIDITY OR BASICITY OF A SOLUTION

  25. BASIC CHEMISTRY • WHY DO WE CARE SO MUCH ABOUT THESE PARTICULAR SUBSTANCES (ACIDS, BASES, SALTS???)

  26. BASIC CHEMISTRY • WHAT OTHER CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ARE ESSENTIAL, OR DIRECTLY EFFECT, LIVING THINGS?? • THAT SHOULD BE THE FOCUS OF OUR NEXT CHAPTER!!! • OH WAIT…IT IS!!! COME BACK TO FIND OUT MORE

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