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Learn about the fundamental processes of DNA transcription and translation to understand how genetic information is converted into functional proteins. Explore the intricate steps involved in the central dogma of molecular biology, from DNA to RNA to protein synthesis, and discover how genetic codes are decoded to create vital cellular components.
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Biotechnology: DNA Recap Transcription and Translation
The Central Dogma • DNA RNA Protein
Transcription • DNA RNA • DNA (double stranded) is transcribed in the NUCLEUS with the aid of an enzyme called RNA polymerase.
Transcription • RNA polymerase unwinds and unlinks the two strands of DNA. • The two strands are now separated.
Transcription: • One of them is called the CODING STRAND and the other is called the TEMPLATE STRAND.
Transcription • The TEMPLATE strand will used by RNA polymerase. • RNA polymerase adds the RNA base compliment to the DNA template to make the RNA STRAND .
Nucleotides In DNA: A always binds to TC always binds to G In RNA: A binds to U
Transcription • The newly formed RNA strand is the same as the coding strand except that U is replaced with T .
Transcription • The newly formed RNA strand is SINGLE STRANDED. • It gets processed (to mRNA) and leaves the nucleus through large holes in the nucleus called nuclear pores. • The next step is Translation!
Translation • RNA Protein • Occurs in the cytoplasm with the aid of a ribosome. • Each strand of RNA codes for multiple amino acids.
Translation • The RNA is read by reading the codon sequence. • A codon is 3 BASE PAIRS LONG. Each codon codes for an amino acid. • RNA strand: AUCGUUAUUGCG
Translation • RNA strand: AUCGUUAUUGCG
The appropriate amino acid is then placed on the growing polypeptide chain. • The polypeptide chain then undergoes structural changes to become a functional protein!
