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BIONICS 1

BIONICS 1. Kevin Warwick X 8210. What is Bionics?. Bionics is the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. (Wikipedia)???? – not a good definition

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BIONICS 1

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  1. BIONICS 1 Kevin Warwick X 8210

  2. What is Bionics? • Bionics is the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. (Wikipedia)???? – not a good definition • aka biomimetics, biognosis, biomimicry, or bionical creativity engineering • Bionics = Bio(logy) + Electro(nics) ?

  3. Medical Bionics • In medicine, Bionics usually means the replacement or enhancement of organs or other body parts by mechanical versions or electrical add ons. • Bionic implants differ from mere prostheses by mimicking the original function very closely, or even surpassing it.

  4. Bionics • KW views! • Another name for linked Biological and Technological systems. • Could be animals linked with technology, could be humans. • Link needs to be either integral or seemless.

  5. Aimee Mullins

  6. Example - Aimee • Mullins was born with fibular hemimelia (missing fibula bones), and had both of her legs amputated below the knee when she was a year old. • Her new legs, called Cheetahs, allow her to run at speed (100m in 15.77 seconds) • She is now also an actress (see on imdb)

  7. Limits? • Are Aimee’s legs copies of human legs? • How powerful can the springs be? • Could she have wheels or rollers instead? • She can change her legs – a pair for sports, a pair for acting, a pair for dining out etc • So is the Wiki definition OK?

  8. Physical/Mental • The Bionic elements could be physical (as for Aimee) or mental or a combination. • So they could be replacement body parts • They could be replacement/alternative mental parts • A combination of the above • What about simple technical additions? e.g.RFID

  9. Peter Cochrane - 1997 • “Just a small piece of silicon under the skin is all it would take for us to enjoy the freedom of no credit cards, passports or keys. Put your hand out to the car door, computer terminal, the food you wish to purchase, and you would be dealt with efficiently: total freedom”.

  10. RFID Implants • First human RFID implant carried out on 24th August 1998 – in Reading (Dr.George Boulos) • Provides identification/information • Allows/denies access • Certainly something extra • Like an implanted smart card • But is it Bionic?

  11. http://biochipinhumans.blogspot.com/2007/08/how-is-this-little-chip-implanted.htmlhttp://biochipinhumans.blogspot.com/2007/08/how-is-this-little-chip-implanted.html • Kevin Warwick described the surgery in such a way:"In theory, I was able to see what was going on, but I was looking in the opposite direction most of the time. The doctor pinched the skin and lifted it up and sort of burrowed a hole . . . underneath the skin and on top of the muscle. It's well inside my body, in my left arm, just above my elbow. [It's] held in place by three stitches - partly so that the wound is held together, but also so that the capsule doesn't float around anywhere."

  12. Use • Identified individual to the building computer • Opened doors • Switched on lights • Said “Hello” (“Hello Mr. Chip” – Sun) • All in response to the RFID being identified • Remember – that was in 1998

  13. RFID Implants today • Several thousand in place in humans • Best known perhaps Amal Graafstra – see IEEE Spectrum magazine March 2007 for 2 recent articles. • Mexican Government • Baja Beech Club • 2004 OK by US Food & Drug Admin – Diabetes, Epilepsy etc

  14. RFID • Close distance, in building, security verification • Good for medical identification • Possible human passport use • Good for dog/cat passports • Not so good for tracking

  15. Human Tracking • Either cell phone or GPS • Cell phone technology potentially implantable – GPS still rather large • Cell phone – accurate to 10 metres? • GPS – accurate to 0.5 metres? • Implantable cell phone tech perhaps suitable for humans – needs cooperation of cell phone companies

  16. Desires? • I’m not a scientist or engineer or whatever – Just a concerned mum which would like to be able to track my baby in case of kidnapping etc. • Can the chip alert the person that they are trying to be located? (schoolfriends) • We are very interested in having a tracking device implanted in our child. We are absolutely terrified of the idea of our child being kidnapped and want to protect him.

  17. Questions • Does a tracking device make someone Bionic? • Is there any difference between a device being implanted and one being worn? • Should we bother with such questions?

  18. Other Implants • Breast • Hair • Heart Pacemaker • Artificial Heart • Artificial Hips • Implants linked with the nervous system/brain

  19. Heart Pacemaker • A pacemaker uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart. • The purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an adequate heart rate, either because the heart is not fast enough, or there is a block in the conduction system. • Pacemakers are externally programmable and allow the cardiologist to select optimum pacing modes for individual patients. • Some combine a pacemaker and defibrillator in a single device. Others have multiple electrodes stimulating differing positions within the heart to improve synchronisation of the lower chambers of the heart.

  20. Pacemaker • Pacemaker is fully implanted, with encased battery pack and contact electrodes.

  21. Background • First experiments in 1889 (J.A.McWilliam) • In 1926 Dr Mark C Lidwell, in the Crown Street Women’s Hospital, Sydney, resuscitated a newborn baby by inserting the needle of a device into its heart and administering 16-volt impulses for 10 minutes. • Implantable pacemakers constructed by the American Wilson Greatbatch Co. entered use in humans in 1960 following extensive animal testing.

  22. Problems • Percutaneous – v – Implant (not to be confused with Transcutaneous pacing) • Material used (hermetic sealing) – eventually Titanium casing • Battery used (ultimately Lithium-iodide) • Pacing used (how often to stimulate?) – depends on nature of problem

  23. Therapy/Enhancement • Important questions here as to whether the Bionic elements are purely therapeutic or actually enhance the individual • Even enhancement can be regarded in different ways! • This raises all sorts of ethical questions.

  24. Related Topics • Cyborgs • Implants • Biomedical Engineering • BCI • Sensory Substitution • Human Enhancement • Telepathy !!!

  25. Weeks Ahead • Animal Experiments • Body Parts • Arms and Legs • Enhancements • Medical Problems – PD, Epilepsy • Ethical Issues

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