Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation

1. Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

2. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy • The Renaissance, or rebirth, (1300-1500) was a time of change • Europeans developed new ideas about the world during this time

4. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy The Renaissance began in Italy and spread north into the rest of Europe

5. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy • The Renaissance was influenced by an intellectual movement known as “humanism” • Humanists studied the learning of the ancient Greeks and Romans • They hoped that reviving ancient learning would increase knowledge about the present

6. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy • Leonardo da Vinci • Painter, sculptor, inventor, architect, musician, and engineer

9. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy • Michelangelo • Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, and architect

12. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy • Raphael • Painter • Student of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo

15. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

16. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North • Johann Gutenberg • His printing Press caused great changes in Europe • Such as: • More Europeans learned to read and write • Books became cheaper and easier to make • People gained knowledge about medicine, geography, and mining • Printed Bibles increased the spread of religious ideas

20. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North • Northern Europe took a long time to recover from the Black Death • As a result, the Renaissance did not begin there until the 1400s • It slowly spread to Spain, France Germany and England

21. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North • Like Italian humanists, northern humanists believed education was important and studied the ancient Greeks and Romans • However, they also explored religious ideas and believed that learning should change society

22. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North • Erasmus was a priest who wanted to reform society and the Church • He wrote The Praise of Folly which used humor to expose the immoral behavior of society, including the abuses of clergy members • Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia in which defined his ideas for an ideal society

23. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North • The Northern Renaissance produced many talented writers including: • William Shakespeare • -Producer of 37 plays that are still read and performed today • Cervantes • Master of Satire, a literary composition, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule. • Best known for writing Don Quixote

24. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation • During the Renaissance the Roman Catholic Church faced serious problems: • Some members of the Church took advantage of their positions to make themselves wealthy • Although a minority of church officials were ever involved, complaints against these abuses formed the basis of what became the Protestant Reformation

25. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation • The most serious of abuses committed by Catholic clergy were the sale of indulgences • Indulgences – forgave a person for his or her sins and allowed entrance into Heaven

26. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation • By the 1500s, many Christians wanted to reform the Church • A German Monk, named Martin Luther wrote 95 arguments against indulgences

28. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther believed that Christians could only reach heaven through faith in God • Because of his radical views and outspoken ideas, Luther was excommunicated and declared an outlaw • Luther’s actions began what became the Protestant Reformation • His followers set up the Lutheran Church • They became known as Protestants

29. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation • John Calvin was another important reformer • Like Luther, Calvin believed that Christians could reach heaven only through faith and God • Calvin also believed that people were born sinners • He preached Predestination, the idea that God decided long ago who would go to heaven • Calvinism spread to Germany, France, Scotland and England

30. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread • Throughout Europe, Catholic rulers and the Catholic Church fought back against Protestantism • In England, King Henry VIII originally supported the Church • However, when the Pope refused to annul, or cancel, his marriage Henry VII and the English Parliament took control of the English Church

31. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread • Henry then set up the Church of England and called it the Anglican Church • This church was identical in nearly every way to the Roman Catholic Church, except that the King took the place of the Pope

32. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread • The Catholic Counter-Reformation • The Roman Catholic Church acknowledged that some of Martin Luther’s complaints were valid • The selling of indulgences was stopped • Reformers were appointed to key posts to eliminate corruption • Those found guilty of corruption were punished and barred from position of authority

33. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread • The Protestant and Catholic Reformations divided Europe into a Catholic South and a Protestant North • Terrible religious wars broke out throughout Europe • Both sides tortured and killed those who disagreed with their teachings

34. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread • The strong religious feeling contributed to a wave of witch hunting • Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted and expelled, or drove out, Jews

35. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution • Beginning in the 1500s, new ideas about science changed the way Europeans thought about the world • This period was called the Scientific Revolution

36. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution • Since ancient times, people had believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe • In the 1500s and 1600s scientists such as Copernicus and Galileo showed that the planets revolved around the sun

37. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution • Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentricmodel of the universe • This states that the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it • Galileo continues Copernicus' work by observing the skies with a homemade telescope

38. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution • At first, these discoveries upset many Europeans • However, a new way of thinking about science began to emerge • Scientists began to observe the world around them and to develop ideas about why things happened • They did experiments to test these ideas

39. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution • This new way of thinking was called the Scientific Method • The scientific method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe • This process allowed scientists to logically find answers through the use of reason • This method of research is the basis for modern science

41. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution • Isaac Newton built upon the earlier work of Copernicus and Galileo and used mathematics to describe gravity as the force that keeps planets revolving around the sun • He also explained that this same force is what causes objects to fall to earth.

42. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution • The Enlightenment • A Scientific “Revolution” was the Enlightenment • Political and social scholars began to question the workings of society and government • The Enlightenment attempted to explain the purpose of government, and describe the best form of it • The most influential Enlightenment thinkers were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean Jacques Rousseau.