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Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union

Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union. June 22, 1941 - Operation Barbarossa.

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Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union

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  1. Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union • June 22, 1941 - Operation Barbarossa

  2. The Russian counterattack of December used troops trained and equipped to operate in the sub-zero conditions. German commanders were badly shaken, and Hitler assumed personal command of the army, ordering his men to hold on regardless of cost. • Other Russian Tactics include: • Destroying all resources (burning crops, etc) while retreating • Dismantling and transporting factories East as retreated • Trained Partisan groups prepared to enter fighting

  3. Atlantic Charter • Roosevelt and Churchill meet • Stalin not invited • Outline goals for postwar world • No territorial changes • New League of Nations

  4. US Destroyers and Hitler’s U-Boat Clash • July 1941, FDR decides US ships will escort Lend-Lease supplies to Iceland • Roosevelt orders a “shoot on sight” policy • November 1941 • Merchant ships can be legally armed

  5. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor • Late 1940-1941 • US enacts embargoes on Japan and seizes assets in the US • December 7, 1941 • “A day that will live in infamy” • 3,000 casualties

  6. The Home Front • Selective Service Act • Men ages 18-65 have to register after PH • War Productions Board • ½ production goes to the war effort • Funding the War • Increased taxes • War bonds • Video: Propaganda income taxes

  7. Women during the War • Women in the military • WACs (Women’s Army Corps) • WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service) • Female Mobility • Some women moved to new communities to work in aircraft, munitions, automobile industries

  8. Of all the images of working women during World War II, the image of women in factories predominates. Rosie the Riveter--the strong, competent woman dressed in overalls and bandanna--was introduced as a symbol of patriotic womanhood. The accoutrements of war work--uniforms, tools, and lunch pails--were incorporated into the revised image of the feminine ideal Video: Rosie the Riveter on the assembly line

  9. WWII and African Americans • Nearly 1 million African Americans served in segregated units • Tuskegee airmen – First African American aviators in the U.S. Army • Double V Campaign • Victory at home and Victory abroad

  10. WWII and Native Americans • Navajo volunteers used as “code talkers” • Japan unable to crack their code used for military communication

  11. WWII and Mexican Americans • Bracero Program • 1942 need for farm labor leads US govt to issue short-term work permits to Mexican workers • About 150,000 Braceros worked in agriculture and the railroads • Zoot Suit Riots, 1943 (L.A.) • Young Mexican Americans become object of frequent violent attacks by white sailors and marines • In June, riots break out in East L.A. • 150 were injured, 500 Mexican Americans arrested

  12. The Home Front and Japanese Americans • Executive Order 9006 • Passed by FDR, required relocation of Japanese Americans living on West Coast to internment camps • Korematsu vs. US (1944) • Japanese American sued the US govt for EO 9006 • Went to the Supreme Court which upheld the internment camps • Significance? • Civil liberties decrease during war-time • Video: Superman 1:25 – 2:10 • Video: Relocation Camps 9’25

  13. The Jewish Genocide • Onset of the war accelerates the process of elimination • Deportation of “undesirables” into concentration camps • Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, the handicapped, etc. • In Eastern Europe (esp. Poland) , forced relocation of Jews into Ghettoes • Mandatory wearing of clothing to identify them as Jews • Forced labor • Not allowed to leave • Hunger, fatigue, disease kill thousands of Jews by month • Video: The Path to Nazi Genocide

  14. Radicalization after USSR invasion • German movement East places much larger Jewish population under Nazi control • Einsatzgruppen follow troops and exterminate all racial and political enemies • 1 million people gunned down 1941-1943 • Method eventually considered too inefficient and wearing on assassins

  15. First Extermination Camps Fall 1941 • Built in East (e.g. Belzec, Poland) • December 1st gassings occur in Chelmno, Poland in trucks • Turning Point of conscious policy of total extermination

  16. Mass Extermination • The Final Solution • Genocide on European scale as of 1941 • Made official at Wannsee Conference Jan 20, 1942 • SS ReinhardHeydrichdefines administrative and practical methods to exterminate all Jews in Europe • Physically capable Jews used in the German war effort, all others eliminated • Gypsies sent to death camps from 1943

  17. Planned and methodical organization • 2 sorts of camps, overseen by the SS • Concentration Camps • Work camps created after 1933, • e.g. Dachau, stone quarry: Mauthausen (Austria), chemical plant: Auschwitz • Conditions variable: death more or less frequent from overwork, abuse, starvation • Detainees diverse, resistance members progressively sent, some camps only female • Systematic treatment of humiliation to make prisoners feel a loss of humanity

  18. Survivors of the Concentration Camp of Dachau celebrate their release

  19. HOMEWORK Reading Material Mastering Modern World History Part I. War and International Relations Chapter 6 The Second World War, 1939-1945 (pp. 89-120) The Unfinished Nation Chapter 28 America in a World War (pp. 720-749) CHAPTER SCANNED ON BLOG Videos People’s Century Total War + Questions The Century America’s Time Civilians at War (5 parts) Over the Edge (3 parts)

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