Joints, Tendons and Ligaments

1. Joints, Tendons and Ligaments An Overview

2. FLEXION A joint bent or FLEXED so that one of the bones of the joint moves towards the other. This can be performed at hinge, ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints This can be performed at hinge, ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints A joint straightened or EXTENDED in its natural position to its full extent EXTENSION

3. Examples of flexion &extension Ankle? Knee? Left hip? Right hip? Neck? Shoulder? Elbow? Wrist? Fingers?

4. ABDUCTION_---_ A movement AWAY from the central line of the body. To abduct = to take away This can be performed at ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints +++ADDUCTION A movement TOWARDS the central line of the body This can be performed at ball & socket, Condyloid and saddle joints

5. EXAMPLES OF ADDUCTION+&ABDUCTION-

6. ROTATION A TURNING movement around a central point or pivot This can be performed at ball & socket and pivot joints CIRCUMDUCTION A movement which causes part of the body to describe a complete circle This can be performed at ball & socket joint

7. TENDONS Attach VOLUNTARY muscles to your bones LIGAMENTS Attach two bones together

8. Freely-Movable Joints

11. Examples in sport… • The importance of flexibility in… • Sport: • Lack of flexibility leads to poor performances • Inefficient technique can lead to injury • It increases agility, speed, range of movement and improves technique • Old Age: • As we age we become less flexible because our connective tissues deteriorate. • Stretching stimulates the lubricating of connective tissues.

12. Functions of Cartilage • Reduces the amount of friction where two bones Meet at a joint. • They form discs and act as shock absorbers between individual vertebrae. • The c-shaped cartilaginous rings in the windpipes (trachea and bronchi) help keep the tubes open. • The cartilage forms a firm joint between bones but still allows a reasonable amount of movement.

13. How are Ligaments affected by sport? • Twisting or landing on a knee/ankle that is over-extended. • A heavy landing or awkward turn when the ligaments around a particular joint are at full-stretch can cause it to tear away from the bone.

14. How are Tendons Affected by Sport? • Caused by heavy landing on the fall and through wear and tear. • By wearing unsuitable footwear. • Overtraining puts strain on the tendon. • Lack of warming up and stretching. • Training on uneven ground.

15. JOINTS • In the human body, a joint is defined as the junction where two or more bones meet. • There are three types of joints: • Immovable (fixed) joints [e.g the cranium, pelvis] • Slightly moveable joints [e.g the vertebral column] • Freely moveable joints [e.g the hip, elbow, thumb] • The importance and usage of joints in exercise and sport, is that it allows movement to occur.

16. The Synovial Joint • The structure of the synovial joint is the thin layer of lubricating synovial fluid capsules that surround the articulating surfaces. This reduces the friction between the bones. • The joint is held together by ligaments and a fibrous capsule encloses the joint. The inner layers of this capsule secrete the synovial fluid. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with cartilage that also reduces friction.

17. The Synovial Joint • The synovial joint in the knee.

18. The Synovial Joint • The dangers of potential injuries of exercise and sporting activities for the synovial joint, is that due to the constant impact, the layer of lubricating synovial fluid capsule gets worn down. • Therefore friction occurs between the two bones and can cause extreme pain.

19. What’s the difference?