Welcome COMP1070

1. Welcome COMP1070 Dr .Hayk Melikyan Departmen of Mathematics and CS gmelikian@wpo.nccu.edu

2. Goals • Computer Based Society • The Nature of Computers • Computer Usage • Basics of Computer Systems • Computer Hardware • Computer Software • History of Computers

3. Computer Literacy Awareness: as you study about computers, you will become more aware of their importance, their versatility and pervasiveness in our society Knowledge: What they are and how they work. This requres learning technical staff but do nor worry. Interaction: Being able to use a computer for some simple applications.

4. The nature of computers Every computer has three fundamental characteristics and each characteristic has by – products that are just as Important. The three characteristics are : Speed Reliability Storage capability These characteristics have the following by-products: Productivity Decision making Cost reduction

5. Where Computers Are Used Computers can do just anything imaginable, they are everywhere. Here some of principle areas if computer use Graphics, Retailing, Energy Paperwork, Control, Money Government, Education, Health and Medicine The Science, Robotics.

6. An Overview of Computers The computer System has three main components: Hardware, Software and people. Hardware: the equipment associated with a computer system ( things you can see) Software: a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.( also referred to as program) People: the most important component of system- uses power of computer Program : a set of step-by-step instructions, created by people, that directs the computer to do the task you want it to do.

7. What Is a Computer ? A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data ( input), process it into useful information ( output) and store it away ( in a secondary storage device) for later reuse. The processing of input to output is directed by the software but is performed by hardware To function, a computer system requires four main aspects of data handling: Input, processing, output and storage

8. Input and input devices Input is the data that you put into the computer system for Processing. Here are some common ways of feeding input into. Keyboard Mouse Scanner Terminal device

9. Processor In computer the processor is the center of activity. The processor, is also called the central processing unit (CPU) . It is the CPU that actually transforms the data into information. data: raw of symbols( input) to be processed. Information: that is processed data- it is organized, meaningful and useful.

10. Central Processing Unit At the hart of computer lies the central processing unit CPU. It consists of single chip or a small number of chips. The Pentium chip is composed of 3 million structural elements called transistors

11. CPU in Details

12. Computer Memory, also known as primary storage, is closely connected to the CPU but it is separated from it.Memory is place where the data is kept after it is being inputted into the system, as well as the place where data are kept before it has been released to the output device. In addition memory holds the program ( compute instructions) needed by the CPU Memory can hold data only temporarily because it requires a continuous flow of electric current; if the current is interrupted, the data is lost. (volatile,not a permanent.)

13. The main memory is comprises a number of storage locations with each location having an address. The size is typically 1 byte, which is made up of 8 bit And the bit is smallest unit of storage that can store a 1 or 0 The address of location is positive integer first location have an address 0.

14. RAM Chips The computers stores data and programs in memory. There are two kinds of memory Primary storage (very fast but expensive ) RAM ( rendom access memort) and ROM( read only memory) Disadvantages of RAM ,expensive and volatile.

15. Secondary storage( secondary memmory) Provides additional storage separated from main memory. Two most common secondary storage media are magnetic disksand ( usually 3.5 inch diameter ) hard disk, usually more storage capacity and offers fast access to the data optical disks, such as CD- ROMs, relatively inexpensive storage of large volume of data. magnetic tape, which usually comes on a cartridge

16. Output The result produced by the computers CPU- is , of course, a computers whole for being. It is a usable information. Common for of outputs are text, numbers, graphics, sound The most common output devices are computer screen ( the display part of monitor) and printers. You can produce output from a computer in other ways(film, voice output, music)

17. Complete hardware system The hardware devices attached to the computer are called peripheral equipment. They includes all input, output, and secondary storage devices. In personal computers, the CPU and disk drives all all contained in a same housing, but in large systems they may be separated

18. Schematic Diagram of a Personal Computer

19. Classification of Computers Computers come in size from tiny to monsters. Supercomputers: the mightiest, the most expensive( XX millions of dollars ), the fastest ( trillions instructions per second) Mainframes: large computers, fast (millions instructions per second), expensive ( several hundred thousand to several millions) Minicomputers; next step down from mainframe computers- primarily use by businesses and schools Personal Computers ( PCs) : these desktop computers are also known as microcomputers or home computers. Workstations: the upper-end machines used by workers . Notebook Computers: - that fits in a brafecase ( laptop) Personal Digital Assistant ( PDA): pan based computers

20. Pentium Chips At the hart of computer lies the central processing unit CPU. It consists of single chip or a small number of chips. The Pentium chip is composed of 3 million structural elements called transistors

21. Hard Disk Secondary storage, usually a hard disk less expensive and permanent nonvolatile

22. A High-Capacity Floppy Disk and Its Drive

23. A CD-ROM Drive

24. Tape Backup Drives and Data Tape

25. A Personal Computer

26. A Motherboard

27. Alan Turing Turing introduced the theoretical model of computer the Turing Machine while he was at Princeton in 1936. A Turing machine is a simple specification that defines what a computer is. A digital cellphone is a Turing Machine

28. Computing History The early years The first "computers" were people. Their job was to perform various scientific calculations as rapidly and error-free as possible. One of the first and most important computer scientists was an English mathematician, Alan Turing. He discovered the mathematics of computers.

29. The first large-scale digital computer built in the U.S. was developed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania around 1946. This machine was named ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). Its original purpose was to calculate tables of ballistic trajectories. WWII had just spread to North Africa and the desert terrain was making existing tables obsolete.

30. The ENIAC / 1946 ( electronic numerical integrator and computer)

31. Hungarian scientist John von Neumann came up with the idea of storing the program in the computer itself. von Neumann did most of his early work on stored programs and on organization of computing machines while he was at Princeton in the 1940s. We still use The "von Neumann Architecture" today.

32. John von Neumann He solved one of D. Hilbert's 23 theoretical problems and collaborated on developing an algebraic ring with profound applications in quantum physics. During World War II he participated in the development of the atomic bomb. After the war he made major contributions to the development of high-speed computers; one of his computers was essential to the creation of the hydrogen bomb. As coauthor of Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944), he was one of the founders of game theory. He coined the term cybernetics.

33. 1970s until today • In the late 1970s Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple computers in Jobs' garage. • Bill Gates revolutionized the world of computing by providing a simple operating system, MS-DOS to IBM for personal computer • In the early 1990s, the internet went public. Marc Andreessen, a student at the University of Illinois, released the first version of "Mosaic for X". Mosaic was a browser for the World Wide Web Mosaic was the forerunner of Netscape and Andreessen was one of its founders.

34. Pre 90 facts 1945 Grace Hopper showed the world the first known programming bug 1953 IBM shipped its first electronic computer, the 701 1957 FORTRAN was created. It was the first major language to support loops. 1960 LISP was created, with major applications in artificial intelligence 1964 BASIC was created by Kurtz and Kemeny at Dartmouth 1968 Data General introduced Nova, a 32K computer with a selling price of $8000 1970 The first bank ATM was introduced in Georgia

35. 1974 The first computer mouse 1976 Wozniac shows the world Apple I 1981 IBM came out with the IBM PC, which used DOS as its operating system 1984 Apple came out with the Macintosh computer 1985 Bjourne Stroustrup introduces C++ 1990 Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0 1995 SunMicrosystems(James Gosling) announces Java as a new programming language

36. HW #1Read lecture and look for more information on web. Please send the your comments via email to gmelikian@wpo.nccu.edu and hand in hard copy by the beginning of the class