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REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR! “A DATE WHICH SHALL LIVE IN INFAMY” 12/7/41

REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR! “A DATE WHICH SHALL LIVE IN INFAMY” 12/7/41. OBJ: To understand how America rallied for war by looking at government direction of the economy. A CALL TO ARMS – AMERICA READIES FOR WAR. JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF TO DIRECT MILITARY ENGINE

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REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR! “A DATE WHICH SHALL LIVE IN INFAMY” 12/7/41

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  1. REMEMBERPEARL HARBOR! “A DATE WHICHSHALL LIVE IN INFAMY”12/7/41 OBJ: To understand how America rallied for war by looking at government direction of the economy.

  2. A CALL TO ARMS – AMERICA READIES FOR WAR • JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF TO DIRECT MILITARY ENGINE • OFFICE OF STATEGIC SERVICE (OSS) CREATED DUE TO CHANGING NATURE OF WARFARE • WAR PRODUCTION BOARD: WAR MANPOWER COMMISSION, NATIONAL WORKERS LABOR BOARD & OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION • “TO AMERICAN PRODUCTION WITHOUT WHICH WAR WOULD HAVE BEEN LOST” J. STALIN TOAST TO U.S. MANUFACTURING • MIRACLE OF WAR PRODUCTION WAS SYNTHETIC RUBBER • “WIZARD WAR” SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES: 1ST COMPUTERS, MASH UNITS, BLOOD PLASMA, INSTANT FOOD, RADAR/SONAR, ANTIBIOTICS, VACCINES ETC. • MANHATTAN PROJECT LATE 1941 FROM CAMBRIDGE TO ALAMOGORDO

  3. ECONOMIC GROWTH – OUT OF THE DEPRESSION • LATE 1942 WARTIME PRODUCTION 1/3 OF ECONOMY = OUTPUT OF GERMANY, ITALY & JAPAN COMBINED • BUSINESS COOPERATION IN RETURN GOT TAX WRITE OFFS, SUSPENSION OF ANTI-TRUST PROSECUTIONS, 2/3 GOV’T SPENDING TO 100 LARGEST CO’S • COSTS TO GROWTH: INCREASED BUDGET, SPEND 10X WHAT WE DID DURING WWI • DEFENSE SPENDING 9-46% OF GNP • ALLIANCE BETWEEN GOVERNMENT & DEFENSE (MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX) • SIGNIFICANT SHIFT IN DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME • CURBED INFLATION, RATIONS IN PLACE, VICTORY GARDENS “USE IT UP WEAR IT OUT, MAKE IT DO OR DO WITHOUT”, WAR BONDS & TAXES INCREASED REVENUE, 1943 PAYROLL TAX DEDUCTIONS

  4. PROPAGANDA & PUBLIC OPINION • OFFICE OF CENSORSHIP CREATED • OFFICE OF WAR INFORMATION • SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION: WITHHOLD & DIVULGE INFO. WHEN ‘NECESSARY’ • HOLLYWOOD’S HELP • MAINTAIN UNITY & SUPPORT • MAIL SUBJECT TO REVIEW • WHEN COMPLACENCY DESCENDED ON AMERICAN PUBLIC BRUTAL IMAGES OF WAR, DEATH TOLLS, TACTICS OF ENEMY RELEASED TO FAN FLAMES OF PATRIOTISM • DEVELOP HATRED FOR THE ENEMY

  5. EUROPEAN THEATER 1942-44 *GERMANY DOMINATES EUROPE *DESPITE NON-AGGRESSION INVADE RUSSIA IN OPERATION BARBAROSSA *STALINGRAD 8/42-1/43: STALIN DEMANDS ALLIES OPEN 2ND FRONT; SINGLEHANDED VICTORY & ON THE MOVE *2ND FRONT ONLY WHEN ALLIES AGREE (GB & US) NOT WHEN UNCLE JOE ASKS – SOWING THE SEEDS OF COLD WAR *HITLER IS THE THREAT – EUROPE 1ST AGREED UPON BY ALLIES AT CASABLANCA JANUARY 1943 CHURCHILL & FDR *NORTH AFRICA & OPERATION TORCH 11/42-SUMMER 1943: KEEP SUEZ UNDER ALLIED CONTROL: ROMMEL, MONTGOMERY & IKE – GERMANS OUT BY MAY 1943 *COLOGNE ‘42, HAMBURG ‘43, DRESDEN ‘45: USAF OWN BRANCH, USE OF INCENDIARY BOMBS, DEVASTATED CITIES *CAIRO 11/43: GB, US, CHINA *TEHRAN 12/43: STALIN, FDR & CHURCHILL – SET DATE FOR D-DAY

  6. THE SOFT UNDERBELLY & CONTROL OF EUROPE 1943-1945 • NOT A QUICK VICTORY – 8 MONTHS TO GO 150 MILES • BATTLE FOR THE ATLANTIC: SOPHISTICATED RADAR & SONAR AID ALLIES • RUSSIANS STILL FENDING OFF GERMANS ON THEIR OWN: LARGEST TANK BATTLE NEAR KURSK & SOVIETS CONTINUE TO PUSH WEST THROUGH UKRAINE, POLAND & ON TO GERMANY • ALLIES AGREE ON JUNE 4, 1944 AS DATE TO OPEN 2ND FRONT – A BIT LATE IN STALIN’S EYES • D- DAY: 200K ALLIED TROOPS ON SHORES OF NORMANDY • BATTLE OF THE BULGE (ARDENNES FOREST) DECEMBER ‘44 – JANUARY ‘45 – GERMANS ULTIMATELY DEPLETED

  7. PACIFIC THEATER • NIMITZ & MacARTHUR – 2 PRONGED APPROACH – PREPARING FOR FINAL ASSAULT ON HONSHU • CORAL SEA MAY ‘42: 1ST BATTLE FOUGHT BY AIRCRAFT, SAVE AUSTRALIA • MIDWAY JUNE ‘42: 1ST DEFEAT OF MODERN JAPANESE NAVY – NOW ON DEFENSIVE • GUADALCANAL AUGUST ‘42: USE OF DDT, 5 SULLIVANS ON USS JUNEAU • “GODDAM IT, YOU’LL NEVER GET THE PURPLE HEART HIDING IN A FOXHOLE, FOLLOW ME” Cpt. H. Crowe

  8. FIGHTING THE WAR AT HOME – NO ORDINARY TIME • GI’S WAR – “WAR WITHOUT MERCY” • AMERICAN SOCIETY CHANGED FOREVER • WOMEN AT HOME “ROSIE THE RIVETER” • WORKFORCE 75% MARRIED • 33% W/ KIDS UNDER 13 • .65 ON THE DOLLAR • GENDER DISCRIMINATION • EFFECTS ON CHILDREN • WOMEN ABROAD: 400,000 JOINED FORCES • MANY VOLUNTEERED – 3Mill at Red Cross Alone • WAVES, WACS, & WASPS

  9. 65,000 TRAINED IN DES MOINES AFRIAN AMERICAN - WACS 1ST GRADUATING CLASS –WAVES – 80,000 TOTAL

  10. “I USED TO SING GOSPEL, SINCE I JOINED THE ARMY NOW ALL I DO IS SING THE BLUES” B.B. KING • ARMED SERVICES SEGREGATED • DE FACTO JIM CROW ON BASE • NON-COMBATANTS INITIALLY • 1 MILLION SERVED • A.P. RANDOLPH & ‘DOUBLE V’ CAMPAIGN • CORE 1942 – DESEGREGATE PUBLIC FACILITIES IN THE NORTH • “THUNDERING MARCH” & FEDERAL EMPLOY-MENT PRACTICES COMMISSION (FEPC) • RACE RIOTS 1943: LA, MOBILE, BEAUMONT, DETROIT, HARLEM – NO FIRESIDE CHATS ON RACE • SMITH V ALLRIGHT 1944 – ELIMINATE ALL WHITE PRIMARY – TECHNICAL VICTORY AS TEXAS SKIRTS THE LAW • FDR SILENT ON LYNCHINGS; NEEDS WHITE, SOUTHERN, DEMOCRATS TO VOTE FOR HIM

  11. RAMPANT RACISM ELSEWHERE • NATIVE AMERICANS – IRA HAYES & BATTLE OF IWO JIMA • NAVAJO CODE TALKERS • 350,000 MEXICAN AMERICANS SERVED • PROMISES MADE & PROMISES BROKEN • BRACEROS PROGRAM • OTHER MEXICAN AMERICANS MOVE OUT OF AGRICULTURE INTO INDUSTRY • ZOOT SUIT RIOTS 1943 • HOMOSEXUALS LEGALLY BANNED FROM SERVICE BUT MANY SERVE • VETERAN’S BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION • JAPANESE INTERNMENT E.O. 9066 2/19/42 • CULMINATION OF 40+ YEARS OF XENO-PHOBIA, $2 BILL IN LOSSES • HIRABAYASHI V US ‘43 & KOREMATSU V US ’44 • UPHOLD 9066 CURFEW, EXCLUSION & INTERN. • 1988 R. REAGAN “PERSONAL JUSTICE DENIED” • 1998 W.J. CLINTON GAVE KOREMATSU MEDAL OF FREEDOM

  12. JAPANESEAMERICANSINWWII • 1943 PROHIBITION LIFTED SO JAPANESE AMERICANS COULD ENLIST • 20,000+ FOUGHT FOR US • 100TH INFANTRY BATTALION “PURPLE HEART BATTALION” • OVER 6,000 SERVED IN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE • 300 INTERNEES REFUSED TO BE DRAFTED UNTIL CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AS CITIZENS WERE RESTORED • CONVICTED OF DRAFT EVASION • SERVED 2 TO 3 YEARS IN FEDERAL PRISON • PARDONED 1947 BY HARRY S. TRUMAN • ARMED FORCES DESEGREGATED BY TRUMAN

  13. TRIUMPH & TRAGEDY – HOW DOES DIPLOMACY & MILITARY MIGHT HELP END WWII

  14. THE LAST MEETING OF THE BIG 3 • FDR SICK • THE NEW MISSOURI COMP-ROMISE: WALLACE OUT • DEWEY THE DEMOCRAT • NARROWEST POPULAR VOTE MARGIN SINCE 1916 • US NEEDS RUSSIANS • YALTA ‘45 & DEMANDS • KOREA & MANCHURIA • SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN EE & FREE ELECTIONS • DIVISION OF GERMANY • DATE FOR INTER-NATIONAL CONF-ERENCE IN S.F. 4/45 • WILL JOIN AGAINST JAPAN

  15. VICTORY OVER EUROPE MAY 7, 1945 GB & US MEET RUSSIANS AT ELBE FDR DIES IN WARM SPRINGS HARRY S. TRUMAN TAKES OATH CRAM SESSION ON MANHATTAN PROJECT BIG SHOES TO FILL, LACKS SELF-CONFIDENCE, PRESSURE TO ‘GET THE JOB DONE’ APRIL 30 HITLER COMMITS SUICIDE – SURRENDER 1 WEEK LATER TOOK TOUGH STANCE ON FREE ELECTIONS WHICH HARDENED STALIN & NO FOLLOW THROUGH ON YALTA

  16. POTSDAM JULY 1945 • “I WILL DO SUCH THINGS, WHAT THEY ARE, YET I KNOW NOT; BUT THEY SHALL BE THE TERRORS OF THE EARTH” KING LEAR • DIVISION OF GERMANY – 3 PARTS – GB & US GIVE FRANCE PART OF THEIR SECTION • REPARATIONS • TRIALS • UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER OF JAPANESE OR PROMPT & UTTER DESTRUCTION • WARNING TO STALIN

  17. “FOR MOST OF IT (WHAT I SAW & HEARD) I HAVE NO WORDS” E. R. MURROW

  18. “A HELL OF UNSPEAKABLE TORMENTS” • IWO JIMA “THE MEAT GRINDER” • BOMBING TOKYO – 16 SQ. MILES • OKINAWA 6/45 35 % CASUALTY RATE • A-BOMB TESTED JULY 1945 • “COME NOT BETWEEN THE DRAGON & HIS WRATH” KING LEAR • HIROSHIMA & NAGASAKI AUGUST ‘45 • UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER • TO DROP OR NOT TO DROP?

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