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NERVOUS SYSTEM

Learn about the anatomy and function of the nervous system, including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. Explore the different types of neurons and the structures of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. Discover the roles of the nervous system in integration, control, regulation, analysis, and response.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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  1. NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Classification of NS 2. CNS. Brain: a) large hemispheres b) cerebellum 3. CNS. Spinal cord 4. Meningeas 5. Blood-brain barrier 6. PNS. Spinal ganglion 7. Peripheral nerve 8. Autonomic nervous system 9. Simple reflex archs Nervous system –special highly organized system (nervous tissue + connective) – intercommunicating network of neurons

  2. CLASSIFICATION Anatomical (structural): central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord peripheral (PNS) – endings, fibers, ganglia, plexuses Functional: - somatic (voluntary, animal) - autonomic (involuntary, vegetative)

  3. FUNCTIONS 1. Integration 5. Conduction 2. Control 6. Analysis 3. Regulation 7. Response 4. Reception NERVOUS SYSTEM ORIGIN Ectoderm - neural tube and ganglious lamella and placodes Cranial portion of neural tube – brain and sense organs Middle part of neural tube and ganglious lamella– spinal cord, dorsal-root ganglia (spinal ganglia), autonomic ganglia and chromaffin tissue of human body. NEURAL TUBE ZONES Ependymal – precursors of glial ependymal cells Mantial layer – neuroblasts (nerve cells) and spongyoblasts (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) Marginal zone – processes

  4. BRAIN Histologically: gray matter (nerve cells bodies) white matter ( nerve fibers) Gray matter: cortex + subcortical nuclei MODUL – MFU of brain cortex cilinder d 300 mkm around cortico-cortical fiber NEUROPIL– aggregations of nerve and glial cells processes in central nerve system CYTOARCHITECTONICS - well prominent regular location of nervous cells (6 layers in hemispheres) MYELOARCHITECTONICS - well prominent regular location of nervous fibers (4 layers)

  5. CytoarchitectonicsBrain cortex has 6 layersPyramidal cells in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th layers

  6. Layers of brain cortex • Molecular layer • Outer granular (10 mkm) • Pyramidal (10-40 mkm) • Inner granular layer • Ganglionic (120x80, Bets, 1874) • Multiform layer

  7. MYELOARCHITECTONICS 1. Above the 1st layer 2. Under the 1st layer 3. Above the 5th layer 4. Under the 5th layer TYPES OF NERVE FIBERS Associative Comissural Projective

  8. 52 FIELDS OF BRODMANGRANULAR CORTEX – sensory (2, 4)AGRANULAR CORTEX – motor (3,5, 6)

  9. CEREBELLUM

  10. Functions: 1. Coordination 2. Movement 3. Balance 4. Muscle tone

  11. Molecular layer: basket cells large stellate cells small stellate cellsPurkinje cells layer: Purkinje cells, supporting cells (lophogliocytes)Granular layer: corn cells stellate cells (2types) horizontal cells

  12. CEREBELLUM Afferent fibers: Mosslike– from olives and pons to the corn cells - tr. Olivocerebellaris - tr. pontocerebellaris Climbing–from spinal cord and vestibular nuclei to the Purkinje cells - tr. spinocerebellaris - tr. vestibulocerebellaris Efferent fibers: axons of Purkinje cells

  13. Spinal cord

  14. Spinal cord Types of neurons: 1. Radicular 2. Funicular 3. Inner Nuclei Posterior horn: n. proprius n. thoracicus Intermediate horn: n.intermediolateralis n.intermediomedialis Anterior horn: 5 motor nuclei

  15. MENINGEAS

  16. MENINGEAS Skull bone Periosteum of skull epidural space 1. DURA MATER– dense connective tissue epithelium subdural space 2. ARACHNOID – flat epithelium fibrocollagenous tissue web-like strands subarachnoid space 3. PIA MATER – squamous epithelium – loose connective tissue with blood vessels and nerve fibers Basement membrane Glia limitans (astrocytes) Nerve tissue

  17. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER Prevents diffusion of some substances from the blood to the brain Capillary wall 1. Endothelium 2. Basement membrane 3. Glial sheath (foot processes of astrocytes)

  18. DORSAL ROOT GANGLIONcapsulepseudounipolar cells mantial cells

  19. PERIPHERAL NERVE

  20. PERIPHERAL NERVE ULTRASTRUCTURE

  21. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Anatomically: a) central b) peripheral Functionally: a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic SYMPATHETIC NS 1. Centers: thoracic-lumbar disposition Nuclei intemediolateralis of spinal cord – multipolar associative radicular neurons 2. Sympathetic ganglia: paravertebral (trunci simpatici) and prevertebral (3) PARASYMPATHETIC NS 1. Centers: cranio-sacral disposition Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X pairs 2. Extramural and intramural ganglia (Dogel cells)

  22. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  23. AUTONOMIC GANGLIONGolgi cellstype I type II type III

  24. NEURONAL THEORY • Reflex arch is morpho-functional unite of nervous system • This is group of nerve cells which may transmit nervous impulses • Transmitting of nervous impulses is unidirectional

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