Nursing Research

1. Nursing Research Dr.Meena Ganapathy

2. Methods of acquiring knowledge • Tradition • Authority • Borrowing • Trial & error • Personal experience • Role modeling • Intuition • Reasoning

3. Levels of development of knowledge • Novice • Advance beginner • Competent • Proficient • Expert

4. Reasoning • Deductive: General to specific • Eg: All human beings experience loss. All infants are human beings, hence infants will experience loss if mother is absent. • Inductive: Specific to general. • Eg; A head ache is altered level of health that is stressful. It can be induced that all altered level of health is stressful.

5. Difference btw inductive & deductive reasoning

6. What Is Research? • To search again • To examine carefully • Diligent and systematic inquiry • Discovery • Goal is to develop an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline

7. What is research? • Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems. • The ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge.

8. Definition • Polit & Hungler (1995) defined nursing research as a “ systematic search for knowledge about issues important to nursing profession”. • Polit & Beck (2008) define research as systematic, enquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nursing profession. • “ It is a systematic approach to examining phenomena important to nursing & nurses”. Lara Talbot (1995) • “It is a systematic objective process of analyzing phenomena important to nursing”. Rose Marie Nieswiadomy(1998). • Phenomena is a fact that is not fully understood.

9. Meaning • It is a scientific process because the results are verifiable. • It is an organized investigation of a problem, facts & relationship. • It is pursuit of a definite objective with due control followed by analyses using statistical procedure. • It is an abstraction (Known, yet not clearly) • It is one type of problem – solving with more rigor • It is control and prediction

10. Problem Solving Method • There are many problems which needs to be handled for smooth life. • Steps in problem solving • Assessment • Diagnoses( Problem identification ) • Find out solutions • Choose the most appropriate solution • Implementation • Evaluation • Re plan • Nursing Process is a method of problem solving

11. Research All elements must be clearly & precisely described Data have to be analyzed with appropriate statistics Control of extraneous variables mandatory Problem solving Clarity & precision are important, it is not demanded Not essential Not mandatory Difference between research & Scientific problem solving

12. Primary aim is generalization to population By replication findings can be verified There is a moral obligation to report the findings in writing Can not generalize findings Can not be verified No such obligation Difference between research & Scientific problem solving

13. Scientific Research • It is a systematic, controlled, empirical & critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory & hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena. (Fred N Kerlinger, 1986). • Empirical means based on experience or experiment rather than ideas.

14. Characteristics of scientific research • It involves some hypothetical preposition • A hypothetical preposition is a a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more phenomena or variables. (A hunch). • It is systematic & controlled. • It is replicable • It is empirical- based on objective reality

15. Main Need for Nursing Research • It validates nursing as a profession • It provides scientific basis for nursing practice • It demonstrates accountability of the profession

16. Other needs for nursing research • To mould attitudes, intellectual competence & technical skills • Fills the gap in knowledge & practice • Fosters a commitment & accountability to consumer • Identifies the role of nurse in changing society • Helps administration to take prompt decision • Helps to improve the standards in nursing education • Refines the existing theories & helps in discovery of new theories

17. For its prestige • To describe the state of affairs • To isolate problem areas • To determine solutions for problems • To contribute to knowledge • To collect facts • To analyze standards • To guide for action

18. Areas of Nursing research • Education • Administration • Clinical

19. Need for nursing research in India • For prestige of profession • To isolate problem areas • To determine solutions for problem • To collect facts • To contribute to knowledge • To analyze standards • To guide for actions

20. Role of Nurses in Research Dr. Meena Ganapathy

21. Role of nurses in research • Research participant – Clara Maass, a nurse (1876- 1901) participated in a study to isolate vector mosquito for yellow fever. She died of the disease • Lots of nurses are participants of the HIV vaccination trial at NARI, Pune. • Research Advocate: Nurses can make the participants aware of their rights , risk, benefit & assurance of confidentiality & anonymity • E.g.., West Bengal study on injectable contraceptives.

22. Role of nurses in research • Research assistant: assisting in data collection & data analysis • Research evaluator: able to read reports & evaluate its relevance & apply it to nursing practice • Research expert: nurses with masters & doctoral degrees may act as experts • Investigator: conduct actual research

23. Role of a registered nurse in research • Read, interpret & utilize research in work area • Identify areas of need & conduct mini research • Collaborate with other researchers • Act as an advocate for participants

24. Role of an educator in research • Use findings to teach latest information • Can use other field researches to improve teaching & methods • Instigate research zeal in her students • Guide students in their mini research

25. Role of an administrator in research • Being aware of resources & making it available to nurses • Providing a climate for research • Conducting regular journal clubs to critique articles • Allowing staff to attend conferences & presentations • Participating in institutional ethical committee • Collaborating with other clinical researches • Reviewing research plans for feasibility • Evaluate completed research for practice

26. Using Research in Practice • Synthesis of knowledge (research, theory, and clinical experiences) • Effect of philosophy • Making a change in practice • Evaluation of change for patient, provider, and health care system

27. Role of an researcher • Can become a trained research worker

28. Characteristics of good research • Characteristics of a Good Research • Interesting & Novel • Clear & comprehensive with attention to detail, and a certain level of knowledge of the subject matter. • ethical in all methodologies • Should guarantee conclusive and objective results.

29. Characteristics of good research • Systematic • Organized • All elements are clearly & precisely described • Has a definite objective with due control • analyses data using statistical procedure • generalization to population is possible

30. Characteristics of good research • findings can be verified by replication • Follows principles of research ethics • Relevant • Instruments used are valid & reliable • No plagiarism. Duly acknowledges relevant sources used • Documented following some standard protocol • Published

31. Terminologies Dr.Meena Ganapathy

32. Terminologies • Concept: A mental or word picture of a phenomenon that is based on presence or absence of certain characteristics • Conceptual framework: a network of inter related concepts that provide a structure for organizing & describing the phenomena of interest • Control: The process of preventing extraneous variables influence on the dependent variable, which might alter the true effect between the study variables

33. Data: The pieces of information collected that pertains to the study variables • Hypothesis: A hunch or a statement of expected relationship between the independent & dependent variable • Limitations: Weakness in a study, such as uncontrolled variables, that limit the generalizability of the findings

34. Operational definition: The definition or description of a study variable that specifies how it will be measured • Research: A scientific process of inquiry that involves purposeful, systematic, and rigorous collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to gain new knowledge

35. Theory: A set of interrelated concepts that provide a systematic method of organizing, integrating and conceptualizing a phenomenon • Theoretical / Conceptual definition: The definition or description of a study variable that is drawn from the theoretical or conceptual framework

36. Variable: A characteristics or attribute that varies or differ among the persons or objects being studied • Generalizability: The ability to relate the study findings from the sample to large population

37. Basic Terminology • Quantitative Research – objectivity, control, numerical data & ability to generalize findings • Qualitative Research – subjective, narrative nonnumeric data • Researcher-investigator, scientist, principal investigator, project director, collaborators

38. Variables: A characteristic or attribute that varies or differs among persons or objects under study • Instrumentation: process of selecting or developing devices & methods appropriate for measuring variables under study.