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Nursing Research Definitions

Nursing Research Definitions. Diers . “A systematic study of problems in patient care.”. Abdellah. “A systematic detailed attempt to discover or confirm facts that relate to a specific problem to improve the practice and profession of nursing.”. Polit and Hungler.

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Nursing Research Definitions

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  1. Nursing Research Definitions

  2. Diers • “A systematic study of problems in patient care.”

  3. Abdellah • “A systematic detailed attempt to discover or confirm facts that relate to a specific problem to improve the practice and profession of nursing.”

  4. Polit and Hungler • “A systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance to nursing.”

  5. Henderson • “A study of the problems in practice relating to the effects of nursing.”

  6. Ways to “use” nursing research: --journal clubs --critique research for patient care purposes --explaining research to clients --data collection for others --reviewing methodology for IRB --finding research problems --using research results in patient care or education

  7. Why do research? • Professionalism • Accountability • Social Relevance

  8. Evolution of Nursing Research • Education/Recruitment • Administration/Staffing • Practice • Methodology/Theory based research

  9. Current Trends • Health Promotion • Nursing Decision Making • Effectiveness of Nursing Intervention in Selected Health Problems • Prevention • Case Studies/Qualitative Research • Ethnographic Studies • Compliance

  10. Conferences for Research Priorities

  11. #1 through 1994 • HIV • Long term care • Low birth weight • Symptom management • Nursing informatics • Technology • Health Promotion

  12. #2 through 1999 • Develop and test community based nursing models • Assess effectiveness of nursing interventions with HIV • Develop and test approaches to remediate cognitive impairment • Assess coping with chronic illness • Methods for promoting immunocompetence

  13. Epistemology • Sources of Human Knowledge or “how we know what we know”

  14. Sources of Knowledge • Tradition or tenacity • Authority • Experience • Intuition • Trial and Error • Logical Reasoning • Induction • Deduction • Scientific Method

  15. Tradition/tenacity • Something we know because we have always known it. • Advantages: Efficient, provides a foundation of truths • Disadvantages: Most traditions have not been evaluated for their value

  16. Authority • We know a thing because some authoritative source says it is so • Authorities are not infallible, so always question authority--what is the evidence that this is true?

  17. Experience • Our own experiences may be too limited to generalize from

  18. Intuition • It just “ seems” right

  19. Trial and error • Haphazard • unsystematic • inefficient • usually unrecorded • must make the same mistakes or discoveries over and over again

  20. Logical Reasoning • Induction--developing generalizations from specific observations Induction  Specifics Generalizations  Deduction • Deduction--developing specific predictions from general principles

  21. Scientific Method • The most advanced method of acquiring knowledge that humans have developed.

  22. Scientific Method • Order • Control • Empiricism • Generalization • Theoretical Formulation

  23. Order • Systematic prescribed order in order to have reproducibility and confidence in the results • problem identified • defined • predictions of oucome • information collected according to design • analysis • conclusion

  24. Control • In trying to isolate relationships among phenomena, scientists must control phenomena and factors not under study.

  25. Empiricism • Evidence rooted in objective reality and gathered directly or indirectly through the human senses. Research is based in REALITY

  26. Generalization • No research is ever done just to benefit the subjects, in order to have value it must be generalizable to a wider population.

  27. Theoretical formulation • Theories are manner of organizing, integrating and deriving abstract conceptualization about the manner in which phenomena are interrelated.

  28. LIMITS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD • 1. Values or ethics • 2. Human complexity • 3. Measurement problems • 4. Control • 5. Ethical considerations

  29. PARADIGMS FOR NURSING RESEARCH • ONTOLOGIC-What is the nature of reality? • EPISTEMOLOGIC-What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being studied? • AXIOLOGIC-What is the role of values in inquiry? • METHODOLOGIC-How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?

  30. POSITIVIST PARADIGM • Nature is ordered and regular and can be predicted.

  31. NATURALISTIC OR PHENOMENOLOGIC PARADIGM • Reality not fixed but exists within a context, many interpretations are possible. Nothing is absolutely true or false, only within a context.

  32. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH vs • QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

  33. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH • Identification • Description • Exploration • Explanation • Prediction and Control

  34. Types of Research by Utility • BASIC RESEARCH • APPLIED RESEARCH • COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

  35. RELATIONSHIPS CAUSAL vs ASSOCIATIONAL

  36. Requirements for causality • concomitant variation • temporal sequencing • absence of competing explanations

  37. STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS(Quantitative Research)

  38. CONCEPTUAL PHASE • 1. Formulating and Delimiting the Problem • 2. Reviewing the Literature • 3. Developing a Theoretical Framework • 4. Identifying the Research Variables • 5. Formulating Hypotheses

  39. DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE • 6. Selecting a Research Design • 7. Specifying the Population • 8. Operationalizing the Variables • 9. Conducting the Pilot Study/Making Revisions

  40. EMPIRICAL PHASE • 10. Selecting the Sample • 11. Collecting the Data • 12. Organizing Data for Analysis

  41. ANALYTIC PHASE • 13. Analyzing the Data • 14. Interpreting the Results

  42. DISSEMINATION PHASE • 15. Communicating Results

  43. STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS(Qualitative Research) Circular and Flexible

  44. 1. Define/Clarify Broad Topic • 2. Review of the Literature? • 3. Identify Site/Setting • 4. Obtain Access • 5. Obtain and Test Equipment • 6. Begin Data Collection/Analysis • 7. Identify Themes/Categories • 8. Triangulation/Saturation • 9. Formulate Hypotheses/Theories • 10. Communicate Findings

  45. TERMINOLOGY • CONCEPTS/CONSTRUCTS • CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK • OPERATIONAL DEFINITION • VARIABLES • DATA • HYPOTHESIS (research or null/statistical) • PROBLEM STATEMENT • RESEARCH DESIGNS • SAMPLE/POPULATION

  46. Concepts/Constructs • Refined general or abstract idea “good health” “nursing care”

  47. Conceptual Framework • A series of concepts or ideas connected by statements about the relationships that exist among them

  48. Operational Definitions • Specifications of the specific and explicit operations which the researcher must perform in order to collect the required information “Operationalizing the concept”

  49. Variables • Something which varies • An abstract entity which takes on different values.

  50. DATA • Pieces of information obtained in the course of the study

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