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Exploring Hydrocarbons from Earth's Crust

Discover natural gas, petroleum, and coal as fossil fuels with varying properties and uses. Learn how hydrocarbons are mined, refined, and classified. Understand the composition and formation of coal.

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Exploring Hydrocarbons from Earth's Crust

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  1. Chemistry 22.5

  2. Hydrocarbons From Earth’s Crust • An artist imagines Saturn’s moon Titan as a refueling station in space. A traveler would refill a fuel tank with hydrocarbons from Titan’s atmosphere. On Earth, hydrocarbons are also used as fuels. You will learn about three fossil fuels—natural gas, petroleum, and coal.

  3. 22.5 Natural Gas • Natural Gas • What type of hydrocarbons are in natural gas?

  4. 22.5 Natural Gas • Natural gas is an important source of alkanes of low molar mass. • The most important component of natural gas, methane, burns with a clean, hot flame.

  5. 22.5 Natural Gas • Wells are drilled to reach natural gas and petroleum.

  6. 22.5 Petroleum • Petroleum • What is the first step in the refining of petroleum?

  7. 22.5 Petroleum • The refining process starts with the distillation of petroleum (crude oil) into fractions according to boiling point. • Cracking is a controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.

  8. 22.5 Petroleum • Refineries separate crude oil into various components.

  9. 22.5 Petroleum • In fractional distillation, the crude oil is heated so that it vaporizes and rises through the fractionating column. The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.

  10. 22.5 Petroleum

  11. 22.5 Coal • Coal • How is coal classified?

  12. 22.5 Coal • Coal is classified by its hardness and carbon content. • Hardness of coal tends to increase with higher carbon content. • Lignite ~50% carbon • Bituminous 70–80% carbon • Anthracite >80% carbon

  13. 22.5 Coal • Coal Formation • Coal formed when tree ferns and mosses died and were subjected to continued pressure and heat underground.

  14. 22.5 Coal • Composition of Coal • What is the chemical composition of coal?

  15. 22.5 Coal • Coal consists largely of condensed aromatic compounds of extremely high molar mass. These compounds have a high proportion of carbon compared with hydrogen.

  16. 22.5 Coal • Coal is mined from both surface mines and underground mines.

  17. 22.5 Section Quiz. • 22.5.

  18. 22.5 Section Quiz. • 1. Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel? • petroleum • natural gas • coal • alcohol

  19. 22.5 Section Quiz. • 2. Coal usually generates more soot (unburned carbon particles) than does petroleum or natural gas because coal • contains more condensed aromatic compounds. • contains more aliphatic compounds. • is a solid. • contains sulfur compounds.

  20. 22.5 Section Quiz. • 3. Crude oil is separated into gasoline, kerosene, and other products by means of • combustion. • fractional distillation. • cracking. • a catalyst.

  21. Concept Map Concept Map 22 Solve the Concept Map with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

  22. END OF SHOW

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