Key Events, Trends, and People

1. Key Events, Trends, and People Instructional Design in the 1960’s and 1970’s Carol Cheng Belen Garcia Constance Harris

2. Discussion • Media • Key People and Theories • Questions

3. The Evolution of Media 1960’s and 1970’s

4. Educational broadcasting (1960s) Closed-circuit television system used in: • Washington county Maryland • Junior college in Chicago • Airborne Instruction Midwest Program • 170 million spent until the 60s (Gordon, 1970) • Ford Foundation started supporting PBT in 1963 (Blakely, 1979) • School districts discontinued use due to lack of funding (Tyler, 1975) • Instructional television shifted to cultural programming (Hezel, 1980)

5. Audiovisual movement (AV): • “branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily during the design and use of messages that control the learning process” • Educational technology as media to provide the students with information. • Developers had little interest in the communication process model during the 60s (Shannon & Weaver, 1949)

6. Evolution of Computers • Mainframe systems for programming/shared utilities (1960s) • Mainframe minicomputers systems for schools used in large scale(1970s) • Desktop computers (1970s) • Xerox – Mouse (1973) • IBM discontinued IBM 1500 (1975) - CAI) • Laser Printer Developed

7. Changing Field Definitions (1960’s – 1970’s) • James Finn (1963) -Instructional technology • Arthur Luehrman (1970s)- Computer literacy • Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) • (Dept of Audiovisual instruction): placed emphasis on online and computer systems as “media” • Commission on Instructional Technology (Saettler, 1970): “the media born of the communication revolution which can be used for instructional purposes…” and “systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching…”

8. Computers and Instruction: • Educational computing (instructional/admin support) • Computers used in the classrooms (1960s) • Programmers created applications (1960s) • Educators started researching/developing computer applications (1970s) • Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) • Software publishing movement

9. Companies that Started: During the 1960s • Electronic Data Systems (EDS) • California Analysis Center, Inc. (CACI) • Management Science America (MSA) During the 1970s • Microsoft • Software Arts Estimated 45 major software companies by 1965 Programming languages used: COBOL and FORTRAN

10. CAI systems (1960s) : Applications in public schools and universities • PLATO (Control Data Corporation) • Tutor CAI authoring language • TICCIT (Brigham Young University) Interest in CAI vanished by end of the 70s (Atkinson & Suppes)

11. Key Theories and People 1960’s and 1970’s

12. Highlights • The Programmed Instruction Movement • B. F. Skinner • Behavioral Objectives • Robert Mager • Criterion-Referenced Test • Robert Glaser • The Systems Approach • Robert M. Gagne (Hierarchy) • Michael Scriven (Evaluation)

13. The Programmed Instruction MovementB.F. Skinner - 1960’s “Start Small” Content is arranged in “Frames” Goal: Shape Complex Academic Skills Learner Focus The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching Picture Credit: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhskin.html

14. Individualized Approaches To Instruction • Keller Plan (1963) • Individually Prescribed Instruction (1964) • Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs (PLAN) (1967) Individual Focus Mastery of Learning Planned Instructional Sequences Lectures/Demos Demonstrations

15. Preparing Objectives for Programmed BehaviorDr. Robert F. Mager - (1962) Criterion Based Instruction • Objectives Encompass: • Learner Behavior • Focus • Initiative • Competencies • Conditions • Evaluation Picture Credit: http://www.cepworldwide.com/Bios/mager.htm If you're not sure where you are going, you're liable to end up someplace else. Credit: http://quote.robertgenn.com/auth_search.php?authid=3425

16. Robert Glaser (1963)Criterion – Reference vs. Norm Reference Testing Does Everyone Test the Same? Assess individual abilities

17. The Conditions of Learning1965 • Hierarchy of Learning (Instructional Task Analysis) • Identify and Master Subordinate Skills • Master More Complex Skills Picture Credit: http://www.ibstpi.org/Products/Legacy-Gagne.htm

18. Gagne Five Learning Outcomes(Students) • Verbal Information • Intellectual Skills • Psychomotor Skills • Attitudes • Cognitive Strategies

19. Gagne Nine Events of Instruction • Gaining Attention • Informing Learners of Objective • Stimulating Recall of Prior Learning • Presenting the Stimulus • Providing learning guidance • Eliciting Performance • Providing Feedback • Assessing Performance • Enhancing Retention and Transfer • Source: Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

20. Formative EvaluationMichael Scriven (1967) • Sputnik (1957) • $$$ Spent on Educational Materials • Formative Evaluation • Pilot Before • Summative Evaluation • Examine After Involve the learners in the learning process Picture Credit: http://evaluation.wmich.edu/phd/

21. 1970's Setting Goals and Objectives The Systems Approach

22. Systems Approach1970’s Improve Performance Military Academia Industry

23. What's In A Name? • Instructional Design • System Development • Systematic Instruction • Instructional Systems Task Analysis Objective Specification Criterion Referenced Testing

24. Stages In A Project SDLC Instructional Design • Project planning, feasibility study • Systems analysis, requirements definition • Systems design • Implementation • Integration and testing • Acceptance, installation, deployment • Maintenance • Analysis • Define the Problem • Design • Analyze Instructional Solutions • Development • Generate Materials • Implementation • Delivery of Instruction • Formative Evaluation • Summative Evaluation • Evaluation • Evaluate Effectiveness and Efficiency http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=71151 http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/s/j/sjm256/portfolio/kbase/IDD/ADDIE.pdf

25. Questions?