Bacteriology

1. Bacteriology Infection Control: Principles and Practices

2. Bacteria (germs, microbes) • One-celled microorganisms with both plant and animal characteristics • Skin, water, air, decayed matter, secretions of body openings, clothing, beneath nails… • Microscope needed to see bacteria

3. Types of Bacteria • Nonpathogenic- helpful or harmless; not disease producing • Decompose garbage, soil fertility, metabolize food, protect against infection, stimulate immune response • Used to make penicillin, yogurt, special type of milk for gastrointestinal disorders • Saprophytes (live on dead matter)

4. Types of Bacteria • Pathogenic- harmful, cause disease • parasites (require living matter for growth) • Reason for sanitary standards

5. Classifications of Pathogenic Bacteria

6. 1) Cocci- Round shaped bacteria that appear alone or in the 3 following groups • Staphylococci • Streptococci • Diplococci

7. Staphylococci • Pus forming bacteria that grow in clusters (like grapes) • Cause abscesses, pustules, boils • Picked up on doorknobs, countertops, other surfaces, skin to skin contact

8. Streptococci • Pus forming bacteria arranged in curved lines (string of beads) • Strep throat, blood poisoning

9. Diplococci • Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs • Causes pneumonia

10. 2) Bacilli • Short, rod-shaped bacteria • Most common bacteria • Cause tetanus, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria

11. 3) Spirilla • Spiral or corkscrew shaped • Subdivided into subgroups • Treponema pallida-syphylis; Borrelia burgdorferi- lyme disease

12. Movement • Cocci- transmitted in the air, dust, or within the substance they land in • Bacilli or Spirilla- use slender, hairlike extensions (flagella, cilia) for locomotion

13. Active or Vegetative Stage Grow and reproduce Warm, dark, dirty, damp, sufficient food Mitosis- divide into 2 new cells (daughter cells) Inactive or spore-forming stage Withstand periods of famine, dryness, and unsuitable temperatures Spores can be blown around Not harmed by heat cold or disinfectants Bacterial growth and reproduction

14. Bacterial Infections(Infections occur when pathogenic bacteria invades body tissues) • Pus (sign of infection)- contains white blood cells and debris of dead cells, tissue elements, and bacteria • Local infection- confined to a particular part of the body (lesion containing pus) • General infection- bloodstream carries bacteria or virus and toxins to all parts of the body • Contagious (communicable)- when a disease spreads from one person to another by contact • Persons with diseases that are contagious should not be treated in the salon. These include tuberculosis, common cold, ringworm, scabies, viral infections

15. What are some sources of contagion?

16. Sources of contagion • Unclean hands and implements • Open sores • Pus • Mouth an nose discharge • Shared drinking cups • Towels • Uncovered coughing or sneezing • Spitting in public

17. Viruses (submicroscopic structure capable of infesting almost all plants and animals including bacteria) • Cause common colds, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections • Measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, rabies, yellow fever, hepatitis, polio, influenza, HIV • Virus can only live by penetrating cells and becoming part or them • Vaccination prevents viruses from penetrating cells

18. Hepatitis (marked by inflammation of the liver; present in all body fluids)

19. Hepatitis A- lasts about 3 weeks • Similar symptoms to the flu • Adults often have yellowing of skin and eyes • Caused by close household contact, such as bathroom use; poor sanitation; poor personal hygiene; contaminated food, milk, water, and shellfish; infected food handlers; and sexual contact • Vaccine Available

20. Hepatitis B (HBV) Standard- can cause long-term hepatitis, cirrhosis, and/or liver cancer) • ½ of people with HBV do NOT have symptoms, but disease can mirror the flu • Transferred through sexual contact or parenteral exposure (piercing mucus membranes or skin barrier) to blood or blood products • Vaccine Available

21. Hepatitis C (HCD) – Can Progress Slowly • 1/3 do not have symptoms • Symptoms can include fatigue and stomach pain • Transfer through parenteral contact and sexual activity with infected partners • Vaccine Not Available

22. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • Causes AIDS (breaks down bodies immune system) • Transferred through blood or other body fluids such as semen and other vaginal secretions • Can be infected for up to 11 years without symptoms • Can enter bloodstream through cuts and sores and can be transmitted in a salon by a sharp instrument

23. How Pathogens Enter the Body • Break in skin, mouth, nose eyes, ears, unprotected sex • Body fights infections with unbroken skin, body secretions, white blood cells and antitoxins • Bloodborne pathogens – bacteria or viruses carried through body in blood or body fluids

24. Parasites (vegetable or animal organisms that live in or on another living organism and draw nourishment from it) • Fungi – includes molds, mildews, yeasts • Can produce contagious diseases such as: ringworm and favus (skin diseases) • Nail fungus can be contracted through implements that have not been disinfected properly or by moisture trapped under nail enhancements (implements not disinfected before and after use)

25. Parasites – cont’d • Animal parasites such as head lice, are responsible for contagious diseases and conditions • Pediculosis capitis – skin disease caused by infestation of head lice • Scabies – caused by itch mite which burrows under the skin

26. Head louse Itch mite (scabies)

27. Scabies infection

28. Parasites • Never treat in a cosmetology school or salon • Refer to a physician • Clean contaminated countertops with pesticide or insecticide

29. Immunity – Ability of Body to Destroy Bacteria That Have Gained Entrance and to Resist Infection • Immunity can be natural or acquired and is a sign of good health • Natural immunity – partly inherited and partly developed through hygienic living • Acquired immunity – body develops as it overcomes a disease or through inoculation

30. Name 3 classifications of bacteria Spirilla, Cocci, Bacilli

31. 3 groups of Cocci bacteria Staphylococci, diplococci, streptococci

32. What are the 2 types of bacteria?

33. What are the 2 stages of bacterial growth and reproduction

34. How do Pathogens enter the body?

35. How do viruses live?

36. How do bacteria move around?