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PLANT TOXICOLOGY

PLANT TOXICOLOGY. by : Tutik Juniastuti Dept. KDV - Pharmacology. THE TOXIC EFFECT OF PLANT. Human : - Baby - Child - Young / adult Domestic animal. THE SOURCE TOXIN OF PLANT. SPICES MEDICAL HERB VEGETABLES / FRUITS. OXALAT CYANIDA NITRAT-NITRIT PERIRENAL OEDEMA

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PLANT TOXICOLOGY

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  1. PLANT TOXICOLOGY by : Tutik Juniastuti Dept. KDV - Pharmacology

  2. THE TOXIC EFFECT OF PLANT • Human : - Baby - Child - Young / adult • Domestic animal

  3. THE SOURCE TOXIN OF PLANT. • SPICES • MEDICAL HERB • VEGETABLES / FRUITS

  4. OXALAT • CYANIDA • NITRAT-NITRIT • PERIRENAL OEDEMA • TERATOGENIC PLANTS • PHOTOSENSITISASI

  5. OXALATE • SOURCE : • Oxalate salt • Potasium oxalate • Oxalate acid • Plants to contain Oxalate salt is : • Fam. Chenopodiaceae • Genus Rumex • Araceae • Halogeton • Sarcobatus (greasea wood) • Rheum rhaponticum (Rhubarb) • Aspergillus muschroom products, Phenicellium → nephropaty • Ethylenglycol

  6. TOXICITY : • Sheep - 0,55% → if enough of food - 0,1% → if less of food • Horse • Ruminansia → 3 possibility : - destruction in rumen - to bound with Ca → to precipitate → to ekskresi with faeces - to absorp → tissue / to bound with Ca serum

  7. MECHANISM OF ACTION • To enter into → blood → to bound with blood Ca → hipocalcemia (tetany) • If crystal in blood vessel’s → necrose & hemoraghy • crystal to precipitate in ren → anuria, uremia, homeostatic elektrolit desturbed

  8. SYMPTOMA CLINIC • 2 - 6 hours • Colic - a head to bend • Depresi - is not calm • Powerless - the position of head is sloping • The other of symptom : • Breath of fast - blood to foam from mouth • Bloat - urinasi frekuent • Hypocalcemia → - convulsion - ↑ : urea, Na, K, SGOT, SGPT, pH blood - ↓ : Ca serum, fosfat blood

  9. PATHOLOGIST • Ascites hidrotoraks • Rum, ret, om →hemorhagis difus abomasum → ptechiae • Lgg intestin → to swell • Resp tract.: - to dam up - blood to foam in bronchus • Ren : - lesi, oedema, capsules to make loose - in slices : the fluid excresi & to be seen the clean is lines (crystal) at cortex & medula border - histopat : (+) crystal oxalat, lat. tub • Crystal (+) at wall rumen & brain

  10. DIAGNOSA • Clinical history • Symptoma • Inspection of post mortem • Analisis chemistry to contain ofrumen DIF. DIAGNOSA • Milk tetany • ↑ pH blood (-) • to change of PA is not reliable

  11. THERAPY • (+) symptoma clinic → no effect • Infus Ca gluconat • Urinary acidifier CONTROL • to avoid the plant to contain Oxalat • Pellet alfalfa (5% dicalcium fosfat) → ¼ pound daily

  12. CYANIDA= Hydrocyanic acid= Prusic acid SOURCE • In plant as glycoside / HCN free • Rodentisida, anthelmintic, fumigan • Goitrogenic plant • Fam. Cruciferae • Brasisca spp. • Glycine max • Linum usitatissinum • → to contain Glycosida tyosianat or 1 – 5 vinyl 2 • thiooxazolidone → inhibisi hormon tiroid • product → - hiperplastik goiter - s/ hypotiroidism

  13. MECHANISM OF ACTION - Cyanida berikatan dg Fe pd enzim cytochrom oxidase → mbtk complex stabil shg enzim tsb tdk dpt melepas O2 dr oxyHb → mec/ cytotoxic anoxia

  14. SYMPTOMA CLINIC • The acute of die is not symptoma clinic • sensitive, tremor • Breath of fast → difficult • salivasi,lacrimasi, urinasi, defekasi, konvulsi, dilatation pupil, membr. muc. Is bright, the color of red blood is light • horses were eaten shorgum (to contain cyanida & nitrat) → ataxia, incoordination, cystitis, abortus, deformitas articulation (a child of horse)

  15. PATHOLOGIST (rare) - Memb. muc. → pink - Subendocardial & subepicardiar → hemorrhagi - Abomasum & intest → ptechial hemorh & congesti - Trachea & pulmo → congesti • DIAGNOSA - Symptoma clinic - Test of chemical : contens of rumen , hepar,blood - Lab : material in to liq of HgCl2 1-3%

  16. DIFF. DIAGNOSA • - Toxic of nitrat → blood is brown • Pulmonary adenomatosis, emphysema • Toxic of urea • TERAPY • - Sodium nitrit & Thiosulfat

  17. NITRAT - NITRIT • Is material & animal & plants product • N (free) → NO3- for metab. to plants protein • Urea (animal) → nitrit + ammonia • Toxic came from : - plants - nitrat (source of water)

  18. Nitrat in water came from : - material2 organik is broken - animal & exile of product - silase juice - the ground to contains bacteri to bound N → Nitrat ↓→ found algae / the other plants • At plants to contain nitrat-nitrit : - species, quality of N the ground, dreid of ground → grund damp, acid, quality of Mo, S, P <, temp < → Nitrat ↑↑

  19. TOXICITY • Plants with : - nitrat-nitrit < 1% dried of material - water < 1500 ppm -- • if 2000 ppm, 10% WB, 17 daily → is not to be seen toxic • if 3000 ppm, 3 daily → † • Ruminansia : → tolerantion to nitrat ↑ diet KH ↑ → to appoint source NPN • The animal monogastrik → more toleran caused bacteri were change to nitrit

  20. NITROSO COMPOUND • is alkylated oxides from N, in fish / flesh is foging • Material carcinogenic to : animal exp : brain, med spinalis, gaster, skin, tissue subcutan • Meal of fish to contain NC 30-100 ppm → necrosis hepar of sheep

  21. MECHANISM OF ACTION • Nitrat → Nitrit → metHB → hipoksia reduction • mouse & sheep → nitrat to disturb absorpsion iodine at tiroid gl. • cow & dog → (-) • non rum → nitrit (acid) destruction caroten, nitrat (-) • Rum → destuctin caroten (-)

  22. SYMPTOMA CLINIC • Acute : - to be seen after ½ - 4 hours - salivasi, vomit, diarhae, colic • Spesific : anoxia → dypsnoe, cyanosis at membr muc, pulsus cardia < → tremor, ataxia, apatis, konvulsi • if quality metHB 80 – 90% → †

  23. PATHOLOGIST • Ptechial hemorhagis / echymosa at membr muc • Rumen & abomasum → congesti • spesific : blood is brown → to colored the other tisue DIAGNOSA • Symptoma clinic • Blood test & urin to nitrit • Test metHB

  24. DIFF DIAGNOSA • toxic sod. Chlorat → blood is brown • toxic NO & NO3 from silo → suspect brown • toxic cyanida → red cherry • toxic CO2 → dark • toxic CO → red light THERAPY • Methylen blue • Mineral oil, AB, water

  25. PERIRENAL OEDEMA • Toxic plant Amaranthus retroflexus → plants is growth at drie season & autumn, like spinac → as nitrat acumulator but except is not acused of nitrat / nitrit

  26. SYMPTOMA CLINIC • Pig : - weakness, tremor, incoordination, stand with patella post, paralized & to lie at sternum → to be seen at 3 – 10 day • In experiment : - to disturb cardia function caused hipercale- mia

  27. PATHOLOGIST • Oedema at retroperitoneal • Ren → - lesi brown - ptechial / echymosa hemorrhagi • Oedema at ventral abd. • Cavum abd & thorax → (+) clearness of fluid / yellows HISTOPATH • Tub prox & distal → (+) hydropic deg necrose coagulativ

  28. DIAGNOSA • Clinical of history • Inspection : - Symptoma clinic - the except of PA & histopath DIFF DIAGNOSA - Infectious cystitis - Toxic ethylen glycol - Oedema disease - Fungal nephrotoxin CONTROL • To avoid caused of plants • Mineral corticoid hormon →K blood ↓ • 10% Ca gluconat → normalization cardia function

  29. TERATOGENIC PLANTS → to cause of except foetus : - Leucaena - Lupine - Astragalus - Veratrum - Oxytropis - Tobacco

  30. Leucaena & others • Leguminosa • ∑ >> → toxic • Ruminansia < sensitive • Contens : Amino acid mimosine → to cause resorpsi foetus Astragalus, Oxytropis • “locoism” • Symptom :- posture action currious - position of head upright - disturb of nervus • Sheep → articulation carpal → flexor / extensor >

  31. Lupine + plant with Quinolizilidine • Acute : → disturb nervus, dificult of breath, control to muscle (-), salivasi ↑, convulsi, coma, † • Cow pregnant → foetus “Crooked calf disease” extremitas, torticolis, cleft palate • The plants is : Lupinus sericeus, L. caudatus, Sophora arizonica, S. stenohylla,Thermopsis montana, Cyticus scoparious

  32. Veratrum • Sheep →Cyclopian (foetus) → to shorten of mandibula to arrive one eyein center, to shorten maxilla & to protrude mandibula The other except : - skin to covered by protrudes - hydrocephalus - hypophyisis

  33. Tobacco • Pig → except at calcification a childs • Rabits & mouse → nikotin → resorpsi foetus

  34. The other plants • Datura sp • Conium maculatum Arthrogryposis • Prunus serotina at pigs • Blighia sapida (fruit younger) → to contens Alkaloid a.a. cyclopropana • Colchicum autumnale → to contens Alkaloid colchicine → at experiment for inhibit mitosis at metafase → mouse → except bone & tissue

  35. PHOTOSENSITISATION • Animal sensitive to ray of sun caused abnormality material at circulation blood peripheral • To consist of :- Ps. Primer - Ps. Secunder - Ps. congenital • Ps. Primer - Hypericin → plant Hypericum perforatum - Fagopyrin → plant Fagopyrum esculatum - Phenotiazine sulfoxide (Anthelmintik)

  36. Symptoma - animal with hair light / pigments < → sensitive → dermatitis, conjungtivitis - cow → nipple, mamary glands & skins with pigmen < - Sheep → ear, palpebrae, face, nose, lips, intermandibularis → skin to excret serous of liquid, necrosis & to peel

  37. Ps. Secunder - = Hepatogeous Ps → to distrurb of hepar → Phylloerythrin (-) (material chlorophyl) in bile - † caused hepar is not capable netralization the other toxins - Control : - to put animal in shelter - is not to get vegetables

  38. Ps. Congenital - caused genetic at metab to form & disturbtion red blood cell incomplete • DIAGNOSA - Symptoma clinic - to ray of blood / organ with ray uv → if fluorescense → (+) • TERAPY - to inhibits so that is not eaten plants to cause Ps. - to avoid ray of sun - Antihistamin

  39. Cause Photosensitisasi - Agave lesheguilla - Lippia rehmanni - Ammi visnaga - Lupinus sp - Brachiaria brizantha - Medicago sativa - Brassica sp - Myoporum laetum - Clotalaria sp - Narthecium ossifragum - Cymopterus watsoni - Nolina texana - Fagopyrum esculentum - Panicum sp - Heliotropium europaeum - Polygenum sp - Holocalyx glaziovii - Tetradymia sp - Hypericum sp - Trybulus terrestris - Kochia scoparia - Trifolium sp - Lantana sp - Vicia sp

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