The Age of Jackson: Election of 1824 and Jacksonian Democracy

1. Chapter 12 The Age of Jackson 1824 - 1840

2. The Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson • Monroe’s Secretary of State • Son of former president John Adams • Former military hero • Common man

3. Who won the popular vote? Did any candidate receive a majority of the electoral votes? How will the presidency be decided?

4. In what region of the United States was Jackson most popular? In what region of the United States was Adams most popular? What do you think contributed to each candidates’ popularity in these regions?

5. John Quincy Adams becomes 6th President • Senator Henry Clay threw his support behind Adams. The House of Representatives decided the winner – ADAMS became the 6th president. • Jackson was FURIOUS. He felt the will of the people had been ignored.

6. John Quincy Adams Presidency • Adams had plans to improve America’s transportation and education system. Unfortunately, the four yours of his presidency marked very little growth. Congress became populated by Jackson supporters who did everything in their power to block Adams.

7. The Democratic – Republican Party Splits Claimed to represent the “common man” Accused Republicans of being “elitists” Claimed the Democrats were radicals and led by “mob rule.”

8. Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson began campaigning to win the next election in 1828. He promoted the idea of MAJORITY rule. He felt the wealthy landowners had controlled politics long enough. Jackson wanted to spread political power to all of the people – this became known as Jacksonian Democracy. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/us11.cfm

9. The People's President Why are the territories not represented in the election? Who won both the electoral and the popular vote of 1828 What region voted for Adams? Why do you think Adams was more popular in the New England states?

10. Changes in Ideas about Democracy What do you think was the most important change in democracy? Did Jefferson or Jackson believe in a president that exercised more power?

11. The Spoils System • When Jackson became president, he “cleaned house.” He fired many government officials and replaced them with his friends. • This became known as the “spoils system” from the Roman saying “To the Victor go the Spoils” • What problems can you foresee in this type of system? Jackson's Cabinet

12. CPS QUIZ: Chapter 12: Section 1

13. Chapter 12: Section 2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans

14. “Murder is murder and somebody must explain the streams of blood that flowed in the Indian country in . . . . 1838. Somebody must explain the four-thousand silent graves that mark the trail of the Cherokees to their exile. I wish I could forget it all, but the picture of six – hundred and forty five wagons lumbering over the frozen ground with their Cargo of suffering humanity still lingers in my memory.” • John G. Burnett – soldier assigned to the Trail of Tears Jackson's Indian Policy

15. Native Americans in the Southeast

16. The Cherokee Nation • By the 1820’s, approximately 100,000 Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi River. Most of these were located in the South east. The major tribes were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctow, Creek and Seminoles. • The Cherokee were the most assimilated Native American tribe. Assimilated means that they had adopted the customs of the white men. They farmed, lived in houses, and dressed much like their white neighbors. Restored home of Cherokee preacher

17. The Cherokee claimed a part of the southeast as the Cherokee Nation. They had their own constitution patterned after the United States Constitution. • In 1828, gold was discovered on lands in the Cherokee Nation. White people became eager to relocate the Cherokee to remove them from their land. • The Federal Government responded with a plan to remove all Native Americans from the Southeast to government owned land in Oklahoma.

18. Jackson's Removal Policy • Andrew Jackson believed that the government had the right to regulate where Native Americans lived. He considered them to be conquered people living on American soil. “As a means of effecting this end I suggest for your consideration the propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limit of any State or Territory now formed, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it.... There they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization.... This emigration would be voluntary, for it would be as cruel and unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject to their laws.... “ Andrew Jackson 1829

19. Cherokee's Appeal to the Supreme Court • The Cherokee appealed to the Supreme Court for help. They felt it was unjust for the state of Georgia to claim their land and for them to be forcibly removed from the Cherokee Nation if they protested. • The Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia: The Cherokee nation, then, is a distinct community, occupying its own territory, with boundaries accurately described, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter, but with the assent of the Cherokees themselves, or in conformity with treaties, and with the acts of Congress....

20. Jackson's Response to the Supreme Court • “John Marshall has made his decision. . . . Now let him enforce it.” • Discussion Questions: • What is Jackson standing on in this political cartoon? • Why do you think the cartoon depicts (pictures) him as a king?

21. Video Segments fromThe Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy

22. Chapter 12: Section 3 Conflicts Over States’ Rights

23. Rising Sectional Differences During Jackson’s presidency, the United States began to pull apart due to sectional differences. The government owned new territory that could be sold to raise government money.

24. Northeasterners Factory owners in the Northeast (formerly known as New England), didn’t want lands in the west sold at low prices. If people in the poor laborers in the Northeast bought land in the Midwest and moved away, there would no longer be a surplus of labor. Surplus of labor – more workers than jobs Why would a factory owner want a surplus of labor? Think about wages Labor shortage – more jobs than workers

25. Westerners People in the West WANTED the land to be sold cheaply. They wanted to attract new settlers to the territories. Why would people living in the western territories want more people to move West?

26. Southerners The south was angry over the impr0vements being made in the North and the West. Roads and canals were being built in these regions. They were being paid for with money raised through tariffs. The South paid more than their share in tariffs because they couldn’t produce their own finished products.

27. Since 1816, tariffs had risen steadily. The south felt they were being taxed to death. The economy of the South depended on imported goods. • Southern planters would trade raw materials to European countries for credit. The credit would be paid with finished products. • Tariffs made imported products more expensive, thus lowering the exchange value of raw materials $2.50 to produce in England 40% Tariff $1.00 Profit $3.50 $4.90 $3.00 to produce in U.S. $4.00 $4.00 $1.00 Profit

28. The Tariff of Abominations • In 1828, in the last months of John Quincy Adams’s presidency, Congress passed a bill that significantly raised the tariff on raw materials and imported goods. • Southerners had to sell their cotton at low prices and buy finished goods at high prices. They were furious. • The Tariff of Abominations was one of the reasons John Quincy Adams was not re-elected for a second term.

29. The Doctrine of Nullification • John C. Calhoun, a South Carolina senator suggested an extreme form of states’ rights called the Doctrine of Nullification. • According to this doctrine, states shouldn’t have to follow a law they felt was unconstitutional. Each state had the right to nullify a law if the state disagreed with it. Nullify LAW

30. Crisis over Nullification • President Jackson and his Vice President, Calhoun, disagreed over the doctrine of nullification. • Jackson knew that if states were allowed to nullify federal law, the federal government would have no power over the states.

31. The Webster - Hayne Debate • In 1830, Daniel Webster, a senator from Massachusetts and Robert Y. Hayne, a senator from South Carolina, held a famous debate over the issue of states’s rights versus national rights. Webster was a Nationalist. He believed the good of the nation was more important than the interests of the region Hayne was a Sectionalist. He believed states should not be forced to follow federal laws they though were unjust.

32. South Carolina Threatens to Secede Just you try it!!! • South Carolina nullified the tariff of abominations – they refused to pay. They also voted to begin building their own army. They threatened to leave the United States and form their own country. • Jackson was furious. He said he would, “Hang the first man of them I can get my hands on.” • Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, came forward with a suggestion. He lowered the tariff of abominations and South Carolina agreed to pay. • Clay managed to appease the south. . . . . . for a while. We’re going to break up with you

33. Chapter 12: Section 4 Prosperity and Panic

34. The Second National Bank • The Second National Bank of the United States was a very powerful institution. • The bank controlled the country’s money. • Jackson didn’t trust banks, and he didn’t like that Mr. Biddle, the bank president, had so much power. Jackson and the National Bank Video

35. To operate the national bank, the bank needed a charter, or written grant. The bank’s charter had to be renewed every few years. • The bank’s charter was good until 1836. Biddle asked Congress to renew the charter in 1832. He thought that because it was an election year, Jackson wouldn’t fight him for fear of making people angry. • Biddle had leant money to many Senators. He bragged that he had them in his pocket. In other words, the senate would renew the charter because they “owed” him.

36. Jackson wasn’t a person to bend to popular opinion. When Congress voted to renew the bank’s charter, Jackson vetoed it. • Jackson claimed the bank was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court had already said that the bank WAS constitutional. • Jackson didn’t care. He said that elected officials had to judge Constitutionality for themselves and not rely on the Supreme Court. What precedent established in Marbury v. Madison was Jackson threatening to throw away?

37. Jackson fights the many headed monster Who is depicted as the head of the monster? Jackson’s cane says VETO. What does that represent? Do you think this cartoonist was pro-national bank or anti-national bank?

38. Jackson and Biddle Duke it Out • Jackson set out to destroy the national bank before it’s charter expired in 1836. • To do this, he took government money out of the National Bank and deposited it into smaller, “pet banks.” • Biddle fought back by making it more difficult for poor people to borrow money. • The thought this would force Jackson to give in to the complaints of his supporters.

39. The People Rallied to Jackson's Defense • Eventually, loss of money forced the Second National Bank out of business. • Jackson won his war with the bank, but the economy would suffer. Take that Biddle!!! Ha!

40. Prosperity Becomes Panic • Jackson’s pet banks lent out lots of money to farmers and other people looking to buy public land. For a while the economy was great. • BUT, the pet banks issued too much paper money. When too much money is in circulation, the value of the dollar drops. This is called INFLATION. • Because of this, Jackson issued an order that all public land would have to be paid for with gold or silver.

41. The Panic of 1837 • Because of Jackson’s popularity, his vice – president, Martin Van Buren won the 1836 election. Jackson left office proud of the nation’s economic prosperity. • BUT, in 1837 people began to worry about the economy. They took their paper money to the banks and demanded gold or silver. There wasn’t enough gold and silver to cover the paper money. Banks went out of business. • The country went into an economic depression

42. The Depression of 1837 • The Depression of 1837 caused great hardship in the United States. Almost 90 percent of the factories in the North closed. This put people out of work, which caused grocery stores and all other businesses to lose customers and in turn close. • People lost their homes and froze to death in the cold. Cities were hit the worst, because people weren’t able to grow their own food.

43. The Rise of the Whig Party • Even though President Van Buren hadn’t caused the depression, people blamed him. He did not win a second term in office. • A new party emerged called the Whig Party. The Whigs opposed a strong executive like Jackson. They mockingly called him “King Andrew.” • The Whigs ran William Henry Harrison of Ohio for resident. He was the hero of the Battle of Tippacanoe

44. President Harrison's Short Term • At his inauguration, President Harrison spoke for nearly two hours freezing March weather with no hat or coat. He caught a cold which turned into pneumonia. He died only one month and four days after becoming president.