United States History Chapter 17

1. United States HistoryChapter 17 Higher Order Thinking Skills Homework

2. 1. Explain the four goals of Progressivism • What were the four goals of Progressivism? • Protecting Social Welfare • Promoting Moral Improvement • Creating Economic Reform • Fostering Efficiency • How did Prohibition fit into the reform movement? • Many reformers believed that morality was the key improving people’s lives, and that alcohol was at the root of many social evils

3. 2. Summarize Progressive efforts to “clean up” government. • How did natural disasters help launch the movement to reform local governments? • A Hurricane in Galveston, Texas led to the creation of the Commission form of government • A flood in Dayton, Ohio led to the creation of the Council-Manager form of government • How did reform mayors clean up their local governments? • Got rid of corrupt and greedy private ownership of utilities. • Rooted out corruption • Set up fairer tax codes • Created work relief programs to assist the unemployed

4. 3. Identify Progressive efforts to reform state government, protect workers, and reform elections. • How did reforms protect children? • The National Child Labor Committee showed that children were forced to work in dangerous conditions. • Labor Unions argued that Child Labor lowered wages for all workers. • The Keating-Owen Act banned the transportation of goods across state lines that were produced with child labor. • How did reforms change working conditions? • Limits were placed on working hours for both men and women. • What kinds of political reforms took place at the state level? • The Recall, Referendum, and Initiative were put in place to give people a greater voice in their government. • The 17th Amendment gave citizens the right to direct election of their United States Senators.

5. 4. Describe the growing presence of women in the workforce at the turn of the 20th Century. • What kind of work was available to American women before the Civil War? • Working in the home (cooking, cleaning, tending to the children) • Textile work (part of a Cottage Industry) • How did women’s pay compare with men’s pay in factories? • They were paid substantially less • Why did women take white-collar jobs? • They required a High School diploma and by 1890 female High School graduates outnumbered men.

6. 5. Identify leaders of the woman suffrage movement. • How did the opening of women’s colleges help create new opportunities for women? • Higher education provided the opportunity for greater independence and freedom. • Why were there women leaders in the movements to reform social welfare, public morals, and race relations? • Unable to vote or run for political office, women got involved in “social housekeeping” to improve their conditions at home and in the workplace.

7. 6. Explain how woman suffrage was achieved. • How did Susan B. Anthony help the cause of women? • She urged women to fight for the right to vote (women’s suffrage) • Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton she founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

8. 7. Describe the events of Theodore Roosevelt’s Presidency. • How did Theodore Roosevelt become President? • He succeeded President William McKinley after he was assassinated. • What did Theodore Roosevelt do that brought him to national prominence? • Police Commissioner in NYC • Assistant Secretary of the Navy • Organized a volunteer cavalry regiment (the “Roughriders”) that became national heroes during the Spanish-American War. • Reform-minded Governor of New York. • How did Roosevelt create the modern presidency? • From his “Bully Pulpit” Roosevelt used his publicity and personality to advance his causes and gain public support for his actions.

9. 8. Explain how Roosevelt used the power of the Presidency to regulate business. • How did Roosevelt’s intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration? • From then on, when a labor strike threatened the public welfare, the Federal Government was expected to intervene. • What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads? • He tried to attack the Trusts (monopolies) by filing suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Although he was moderately successful he could not slow down the merger movement. • Roosevelt sought to fight Railroad corruption through passage of the Elkin Act (Railroads could not give special rates to certain shipping companies) and the Hepburn Act (Railroads could distribute free railroad passes, a common form of bribery)

10. 9. Identify laws passed to protect public health and the environment. • What legislation passed during Roosevelt’s presidency protected citizens? • Meat Inspection Act • The Pure Food and Drug Act • What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment? • He set aside thousands of acres of forrests for National Parks and Reserves. • He named Gifford Pinchot head of the U.S. Forest Service. • The National Reclamation Act of 1902 sold public land in the west to fund irrigation projects, setting the precedent that the Federal Government would manage Western water resources.

11. 10. Summarize Roosevelt’s stand on civil rights. • Who was Booker T. Washington? • An African American leader that urged Blacks in the south to seek a vocational education in hopes that by earning their economic freedom they could then acquire political and social freedom. • Who was W.E.B. Du Bois, and what famous civil rights organization did he help found? • An African American leader that urged Blacks to seek Liberal Arts Degrees at Universities and then to become involved in political activism. By earning political and social freedom, he believed economic freedom would follow. • He founded the Niagara Movement and later the NAACP.

12. 11. Summarize the events of the Taft Presidency. • How did Taft get selected to run for President? • He had been Theodore Roosevelt’s Secretary of War and was handpicked by Roosevelt to succeed him. • What did Taft do that angered progressive Republicans? • He signed a Bill (the Payne-Aldrich Tariff) that raised Tariff Rates. • His Secretary of the Interior, Richard Ballinger, removed 1 million acres of reserve land back into the public domain.

13. 12. Explain the division in the Republican Party. • How did Taft’s support for Joe Cannon alienate progressive Republicans? • Cannon opposed many Progressive Bills angering the Progressive wing of the Republican Party. • How did Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for President in 1912? • Disgruntled with Taft’s weakening of the Progressive Movement, Roosevelt returned promising a “New Nationalism” (using the power of the Federal Government to protect the welfare of the people). • When Taft weaseled his way into the Republican Nomination in 1912, the Progressives formed a new Party called the Bull Moose Party and nominated Teddy Roosevelt for a third term.

14. 13. Describe the Election of 1912. • Who were the candidates in the 1912 election? • Woodrow Wilson – Progressive Democrat • William H. Taft – Republican • Theodore Roosevelt – Bull Moose (Progressive) Party • Eugene V. Debs – Socialist Party • What event helped Wilson win the election of 1912? • The split within the Republican Party

15. 14. Describe Woodrow Wilson’s background and the Progressive reforms of his Presidency. • What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies? • The Clayton Anti-Trust Act • How were the lowering of the Tariff and the introduction of the income tax related? • If you lowered or removed the Tariff, you would have to replace the lost revenue or the Government would go bankrupt. • The Income Tax would provide the Revenue lost by lowering the Tariff. • How did Wilson reform banking? • He created the Federal Reserve, which would manage the nation’s monetary policy by increasing or decreasing the amount of money in circulation.

16. 15. List the steps leading to woman suffrage. • How did women finally win the vote? • The National Women’s Party pressured Washington to pass an Amendment by picketing the White House and going on Hunger Strikes. • What was the Nineteenth Amendment? • A Constitutional Amendment that granted women the right to vote in national elections.

17. 16. Explain the limits of Wilson’s Progressivism. • What was Wilson’s position on Civil Rights? • Wilson promised to treat African Americans equally and to speak out on Lynching. Once in office he opposed Federal anti-Lynching legislation and retreated from Civil Rights issues in general. • How did America’s entry into World War I affect the reform movement? • It took focus off of reform and killed the Progressive Movement.