United States History Chapter 10

1. United States HistoryChapter 10 Higher Order Thinking Skills Homework

2. 1. Describe the growing differences between the North and South in their economics and ways of life. • What were the main industries in the North? • Textiles, Shipbuilding, and Manufacturing • How was the South dependent on Slavery? • It was their source of cheap labor, cutting their overhead costs and allowing for a greater profit.

3. 2. Explain why the Wilmot Proviso failed to pass and why the issue of California statehood became so important. • What was the Wilmot Proviso and why did Southerners oppose it? • It was an amendment to the Missouri Bill for Statehood that would ban slavery from the territory acquired from Mexico. • What problems were created by California’s application for statehood? • It would throw off the “balance of power” between the slave states and the free states in Congress.

4. 3. Analyze how the efforts of Clay, Webster, and Douglas produced the Compromise of 1850 and a temporary halt to talk of secession. • What was the Southern response to the idea of banning slavery in the territories? • To threaten secession (withdrawal) from the Union. They believed that they had chosen to enter the Union as sovereign states, they could choose to leave as sovereign states. • What were the provisions of Clay’s Compromise of 1850? • Creation of a new Fugitive Slave Law, allowance for popular sovereignty in the Utah and Nevada territories, banned the slave trade in Washington D.C. • What action did Stephen Douglas take on Clay’s Compromise? • When the Bill failed in its first trip through Congress, Douglas took it and broke it down into its individual parts and bargained enough support for each to get them passed separately.

5. 4. Describe the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act and how abolitionists and the Underground Railroad succeeded in defying this law. • What did Northern states do to counter the Fugitive Slave Law? • They passed “Personal Liberty Laws” that forbade state agencies from assisting the Federal Government in reclaiming runaway slaves. • What was the Underground Railroad? • Network of former slaves and abolitionists that assisted fugitive slaves in escaping to the North. • What did Harriet Beecher Stowe do to inflame passions between North and South? • She published Uncle Tom’s Cabin, portraying the evil nature of slavery.

6. 5. Explain how Douglas’s desire for a national transcontinental railroad route helped destroy the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. • What was popular sovereignty? • Deciding the issue of slavery in the Territories by a vote of the people. • What effect did the Kansas-Nebraska Act have on the Missouri Compromise? • In order to get the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed, Douglas threw his support behind the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, which would allow slavery to exist anywhere north of the 36’30 parallel in the Louisiana Territory.

7. 6. Describe the violence that occurred in Kansas in the fight over establishing slavery in the territory. • What caused the violence in Kansas? • Voter fraud related to the vote on slavery in the territory, resulted in the formation of two state governments and a civil war in the territory. • What was the Pottawattomie Massacre? • John Brown and his sons went on a killing spree, murdering numerous plantation owners in the name of God. He claimed God had sent him to rid the country of slavery. • Why did Preston Brooks physically attack Senator Charles Sumner in the Senate? • Sumner had made particularly abusive remarks about Brooks’ uncle Andrew Butler. In a speech called “the Crime against Kansas” Sumner criticized his colleagues for their support of slavery.

8. 7. Identify the political parties that emerged as the North and the South forged new political alliances. • How did the Slavery issue affect the Whig Party? • They nominated Winfield Scott for President, a candidate that depended on Northern support. He supported repealing the Fugitive Slave Law and opposed the Compromise of 1850, driving down Southern support for the Party. • What was nativism and how did it affect American politics? • The Nativists were people who believed that immigrants did not deserve the same rights as Native-born American citizens. They eventually formed the anti-immigrant Know-Nothing Party.

9. 8. Explain the reasons that led voters to align with a particular political party and why Buchanan won the election of 1856. • What did the Free-Soil Party believe in? • They believed in stopping the spread of slavery into the western territories. • What issue united people in the Republican Party? • In opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and in stopping the spread of slavery into the territories. • What were the issues and outcome of the Election of 1856? • The main issues were slavery in the territories and the Kansas-Nebraska Act; James Buchanan won the Presidency primarily because he could not be associated with any of the sectional conflicts of the 1850’s.

10. 9. Explain the impact of the Dred Scott decision and the Lecompton Constitution on the political crisis over slavery. • What was the effect of the Dred Scott Decision on the North? • The North was stunned at the outcome and rallied behind the Republican Party as their only hope at banning slavery in the territories. • What event made Douglas a hero in the North? • When President James Buchanan endorsed the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas (a pro-slavery state government), Douglass called for a referendum on the issue (which showed that the majority of the population opposed slavery in Kansas). Standing up to President Buchanan got him hailed as hero in the North.

11. 10. Explain why Douglas believed that popular sovereignty was the key to eliminating slavery and why Lincoln believed Free-Soil legislation was required for voters to remove slavery. • What was the response to John Brown’s raid in the North and the South? • The North called John Brown a hero for fighting for the slave. The South called him a traitor and a terrorist and the State of Virginia hung him for treason. • How did John Brown’s execution further divide the country? • Frederick Douglass said that “John Brown was better man than I, I would fight for the slave, John Brown would die for him”. • The South became very defensive and began forming militias to protect against further acts of aggression.

12. 11. Describe the events at Harpers Ferry and their effect on the North and the South. • How did Lincoln come to be nominated for President? • He had run against Stephen Douglas for the Senate seat in Illinois and lost. However, he had established himself as a champion for stopping the spread of slavery into the western territories. • How did Lincoln win the election of 1860? • The Democratic Party split and a new party, the Constitutional Union Party, tried to ignore the slavery issue all together. This led to Lincoln winning the Presidency without winning one single southern state.

13. 12. Describe the events that led to Lincoln’s election and the establishment of the Confederate States of America. • Why did South Carolina and other states secede from the Union? • They did not feel as though they were being represented by their government. Lincoln won the election against Southern opposition and vowed to ban slavery in the west, which would lead to an imbalance of power in Congress. • What was the Confederacy? • The union of the Southern States that had seceded from the United States. They supported slavery, states’ rights, and a weak central government. • What did Buchanan do about secession? • Nothing, he declared that secession was illegal, but recognized that it would be illegal for him to do anything about it.