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FOCUS and AFFIXES. www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog Tagalog Grammar - VERBAL FOCUS. Actor Focus Verbal affixes. Indicate that the focus (actor) of the sentence is doing the action of the verb The -UM- Verb The MAG- Verb The MA- Verb. The –UM Verbs.
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FOCUS and AFFIXES www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog Tagalog Grammar - VERBAL FOCUS
Actor Focus Verbal affixes • Indicate that the focus (actor) of the sentence is doing the action of the verb • The -UM- Verb • The MAG- Verb • The MA- Verb
The –UM Verbs This verb is formed by attaching the infix -UM- to the verb root. The -UM- affix always comes right before the first vowel of the root word. (samples are in the past tense/perfective aspect) • Kumain (kain) • Umalis (alis) • Tumakbo (takbo) • Pumunta (punta)
A major affix that is usually found in verbs denoting casual action and/or action not involving movement of an object external to the actor. Designates actor’s movement from one place to another Does not occur with roots/base words beginning with m or w
Sample sentences • Kumain siya kagabi. • Pumunta si Ate Marvs sa Nevada, Arizona, at California noong Disyembre. • Umalis ang tatay kanina.
Mag- Verbs These verbs are formed by attaching the prefix MAG- to the verb root. Because MAG- is a prefix, it is always attached to the front of the word. Magbigay (bigay) – to give Magluto (luto) – to cook Maglaro (laro) – to play Maghanda (handa) – to prepare
A major actor focus affix that connotes deliberate action involving movement of an object external to the actor. In a sentence, this verb requires a object or ng phrase. Used in verbalization of borrowed words magbus magkompyuter magbasketbol
Sample Sentences (Past/Perfective) • Nagbasketbol siya kapahon. • Nagbigay si Mila ng mga regalo sa mga bata noong Pasko. • Nagluto ang nanay ng pansit kagabi.
Sample verbs that will take both um and mag affixes • Magbasa – bumasa • Magsulat – sumulat • Magsayaw – sumayaw
Ma Verbs • This is verb that is used as an actor affix and in rare instances as an object affix. • It is also a prefix. • Matulog – tulog – to sleep • Maligo – ligo – to bathe • Matuto – tuto - to learn • Makinig – kinig – to listen • Mahuli – huli – to be late • Nanood – nood – to view or to watch
Used with inactive verbs • As an Object affix (very rare) • Makita – kita – to see • Nakita niya si Ben. (past) He/She saw Ben. • Mahalata – halata – to notice • Nahalata ni Ben na galit ang tatay. Ben noticed that father is angry.
Objects Focus Verbal Affixes These affixes indicate that the focus of the sentence is the object (receiver of the action). I verbs In verbs An Verbs
I- Affix • Often denotes action affecting the position of the goal but not causing a change in its structure. • This is usually the object affix counterpart of mag- verbs
Itapon – to throw • Iuwi – to take home • Iakyat – to bring up/to take up • Ialok – to offer • Ilabas – to take out
Command form • Itapon mo ang basura sa labas. • Iuwi ninyo ang ulam para kay nanay. • Ilabas mo ang daing kasi mabaho.
-In verbal affix • Denotes action radically affecting the goal/object such as those causing the change in its structure • It is a suffix; i.e. it is added at the end of the root. • Usually it is the object counterpart of –um. • Inumin – inom – to drink • Lutuin – luto – to drink • Tapusin – tapos – to finish *** in suffixation o changes to u
Cooking verbs • Tadtarin – tadtad – to chop • Hiwain – hiwa – to slice • Haluin – halo – to mix
Command Form • Haluin mo ang ulam. • Inumin ninyo ang gatas sa mesa. • Tapusin mo ang “homework” sa Tagalog. • Lutuin mo ang isda.
-An Affix • Typically denotes actions affecting the surface or appearance of the goal but not causing a change of its structure • It is a suffix • Denote movement in relation to a goal • Denote action typically involving a human goal • Used in a few pseudo-verbs
Affecting the appearance but not causing change • Hugasan – hugas – to wash • Walisan – walis – to sweep • Bukasan/buksan – bukas – to open • Sarahan/ sarhan – sara – to close *** han is used if final letter of the root is a vowel a
Movement in relation to a goal • Abutan – abot – to pass something to • Dalahan/dalhan – dala – to bring something to • Lapitan – lapit – to approach someone • Puntahan – punta – to go to • Upuan – upo – to sit down on
Action involving a human/animate goal • Halikan – halik – to kiss • Ngitian – ngiti- to smile at • Tulungan – tulong – to help