The History of Trona Cloud Hazardous Air Pollutants

1. The History of Trona Cloud Hazardous Air Pollutants “Left Click” to Next Slide

2. An Industrial furnace and a rotating cylinder, called a “calciner”, are used to convert trona into soda ash. Furnace Calciner “Left Click” to Next Slide

3. Coal, or natural gas are used to generate the heat needed. This results in combustion products of CO, CO2, NOX and water vapor. CO, CO2, NOX, H20 Furnace Air Calciner Coal / Nat Gas “Left Click” to Next Slide “Left Click” to Next Slide

4. Extra air is also fed through the furnace and calciner to help carry the heat from the furnace into the calciner. Furnace Air Calciner Coal / Nat Gas “Left Click” to Next Slide

5. In order to make soda ash, the trona is heated to about 350 F. Furnace HEAT Calciner Trona in Soda Ash out Na2CO3NaHCO32H2O Na2CO3 “Left Click” to Next Slide

6. The trona also releases CO2, and H20 (water), with each molecule of trona that is converted to soda ash. 2H2O +CO2 Furnace HEAT Calciner Trona Soda Ash Na2CO3NaHCO32H2O Na2CO3 “Left Click” to Next Slide

7. Trona ore is not pure but may contain up to 50% of oil shale products. Typically ore grades are maintained at above 80% trona to conserve energy. Furnace HEAT Calciner Trona Soda Ash Na2CO3NaHCO32H2O Na2CO3 + + Insoluble Material / Oil Shale Insoluble Material / Oil Shale “Left Click” to Next Slide

8. When trona ore is heated, oil shale products are also heated, releasing hazardous air pollutants or “HAPS”. 2H2O +CO2 HAPs Furnace HEAT Calciner Trona Soda Ash Na2CO3NaHCO32H2O Na2CO3 + + Insoluble Material / Oil Shale Insoluble Material / Oil Shale “Left Click” to Next Slide

9. The State of Wyoming has monitored these smoke stacks or point sources for combustion products (CO, CO2) and particulates, or dust (Opacity). Furnace Air Calciner Coal / Nat Gas Trona + Oil Shale Soda Ash “Left Click” to Next Slide

10. The State of Wyoming, did not recognize the potential for HAPS until the 1990s, when suspected liquid oil shale products were found in stack monitoring equipment, during routine stack monitor certifications HAPs Furnace Air Calciner Coal / Nat Gas Trona + Oil Shale Soda Ash “Left Click” to Next Slide

11. The Discovery of HAPs in the 1990’s Sounded Alarms at the State Capital and Corporate Boardrooms !!! HAPs HEAT Calciner Trona + Oil Shale Soda Ash “Left Click” to Next Slide

12. Tests Were Conducted to Determine the Quantity and Nature of the HAPS HAPs HEAT Calciner Trona + Oil Shale Soda Ash “Left Click” to Next Slide

13. HAPs testing resulted information about the Trona Cloud to become available on the Internet, at EPA’s Website “Left Click” to Next Slide

14. Questions to the state of Wyoming about asbestos discharges and HAPs Information, led to the discovery of alarming errors. “Left Click” to Next Slide

15. Trona Cloud Information being provided to the public, via the EPA, was not reliable. “Left Click” to Next Slide

16. …the State of Wyoming claimed 5 HAPS and slightly over 10,000 lbs/year…in sharp contrast to the EPA reports… “Left Click” to Next Slide

17. …but the quantification of HAPs was based on just looking at the sky... “Left Click” to Next Slide

18. …but the quantification of HAPs was based on just looking at the sky... “Left Click” to Next Slide

19. What goes into The Trona Cloud ??? …looks like 5 HAPs and only 5 Tons per Year …looks like 5 HAPs and only 5 Tons per Year …looks like 5 HAPs and only 5 Tons per Year HAPs HEAT Calciner Trona Soda Ash Oil Shale Products “Left Click” to Next Slide

20. What goes into The Trona Cloud ??? Maybe we better run some tests… HAPs HEAT Calciner Trona Soda Ash Oil Shale Products “Left Click” to Next Slide

21. What goes into The Trona Cloud ??? …oops…using these emission (FUDGE) factors, it looks more like 25 HAPs and 2 million pounds per year… HAPs HEAT Calciner Trona Soda Ash Oil Shale Products “Left Click” to Next Slide

22. Trona Cloud HAPS Were Identified and Quantified (2 Million Lbs Per Year) 1,3-Butadiene Acetaldehyde Acetophenone Acrolein Acrylonitrile Antimony Compounds Arsenic Compounds Asbestos Benzene Beryllium Compounds Biphenyl Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate Cadmium Compounds Carbon Disulfide Chlorobenzene Chromium Compounds Cobalt Compounds Cumene Dibenzofuran Ethylbenzene Ethylene Dichloride Formaldehyde Hexane Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen Fluoride Isophorone Lead Compounds Manganese Compounds Mercury Compounds Methyl Chloride Methyl Chloroform Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methylene Chloride Nickel Compounds Perchloroethylene Phenol Polycyclic Organic Matter Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH Propionaldehyde Selenium Compounds Styrene Toluene Trichloroethylene Xylenes (Mixed Isomers) “Left Click” to Next Slide

23. Trona HAPs Reporting -The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? “Left Click” to Next Slide

24. Trona HAPs Reporting -The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? ??? 1990’s Test Work ??? “Left Click” to Next Slide

25. Trona HAPs Reporting -The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? Assumptions ??? 1990’s Test Work ??? “Left Click” to Next Slide

26. Trona HAPs Reporting -The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? Emission Factors Assumptions ??? 1990’s Test Work ??? “Left Click” to Next Slide

27. Trona HAPs Reporting -The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? Clean Air Act Compliance Emission Factors Emission Factors Assumptions ??? 1990’s Test Work ??? “Left Click” to Next Slide

28. Trona HAPs Reporting -The Fruits of a Poisonous Tree? To be continued? Clean Air Act Compliance Emission Factors Emission Factors Assumptions ??? 1990’s Test Work ??? “Left Click” to Next Slide