Night Vision Technology

1. Seminar on Night Vision Technology www.fakengineer.com

2. "Night Vision” is that technology that provides us with themiracle of vision in total darkness and the improvement of vision in low light environments. The most common methods as described below are Low-Light Imaging, Thermal Imaging Intensified SLR camera operational schematic What's night vision technology

3. Works in 2 different ways: 1.Image enhancement- This works by collecting the tiny amounts of light including the lower portion of the infrared light spectrum, those are present but may be imperceptible to our eyes, and amplifying it to the point that we can easily observe the image.( low light imaging) 2:Thermal imaging- This technology operates by capturing the upper portion of the infrared light spectrum, which is emitted as heat by objects instead of simply reflected as light. Hotter objects, such as warm bodies, emit more of this light than cooler objects like trees or buildings. Thermal imaging operates by capturing the upper portion of the infrared light spectrum Ways of working

4. Low light imaging: • Today, the most popular and well known method of performing night vision is based on the use of image intensifiers. • Image intensifier tubeAn electro-optical device which converts photons to electrons, amplifies them, then converts them back to photons so the user can see at light levels that are normallytoo low.

5. Image intensifiers • How they work: This method of night vision amplifies the available light to achieve better vision. An objective lens focuses available light (photons) on the photocathode of an image intensifier. The light energy causes electrons to be released from the cathode which are accelerated by an electric field to increase their speed (energy level). These electrons enter holes in a micro channel plate and bounce off the internal specially-coated walls which generate more electrons as the electrons bounce through. This creates a denser “cloud” of electrons representing an intensified version of the original image. • Image intensifier tube

6. Thermal Imaging • Different from low-light imaging methods of night vision (which require some ambient light in order to produce an image), thermal imaging night vision methods do not require any ambient light at all. • They operate on the principle that all objects emit infrared energy as a function of their temperature. In general, the hotter an object is, the more radiation it emits.  • A color thermal image of dog Black and white thermal image of docked boat

7. Types Of Thermal Imaging Device • There are two common types of thermal-imaging devices: 1.Un –Cooled 2.Cryogenically Cooled

8. Uncooled • This is the most common type of thermal-imaging device. The infrared detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room temperature. This type of system is completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in.

9. Cryogenically cooled • More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged use, these systems have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F (zero C). The advantage of such a system is the incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements. Cryogenically-cooled systems can "see" a difference as small as 0.2 F (0.1 C) from more than 1,000 ft (300 m) away, which is enough to tell if a person is holding a gun at that distance..

10. How thermal imaging works thermal image works

11. Generations 0&1 • Generation 0 – uses active infrared. • This means that a projection unit called an IRilluminator is attached to the NVD. • Generation 1 – uses passive infrared. • Once dubbed Starlight by the U.S. army, these NVDs use ambient light provided by the moon and stars to augment the normal amounts of reflected infrared in the environment.

12. Generations 2&3 • Generation 2 –. • The biggest gain in generation 2 is the ability to see in extremely low light conditions, such as moonless night. This increased sensitivity is due to the addition of the micro channel plate to the image-intensifier tube • Generation 3 –The latest and greatest NVD technology, generation 3 is currently used by the U.S. military • They have even better resolution and sensitivity. This is because the photo cathode is made using gallium arsenide, which is very efficient in converting photons to electrons.

13. Advantage of Gen 3 over Gen 2 • Gen 3 technology improves night operational effectiveness for military users of night vision goggles and other night vision devices. The filmless MCP provides a higher signal-to-noise ratio than Gen 2, resulting in better image quality (less scintillation) under low-light conditions. The gated power supply further improves image resolution under high light conditions, and the reduced halo minimizes interference from bright light sources. These improvements also substantially increase the detection range of the syste

14. Equipment • Scopes - Normally handheld or mounted on a weapon, scopes are monocular • Goggles - While goggles can be handheld, they are most often worn on the head. Goggles are binocular • Cameras - Cameras with night-vision technology can send the image to a monitor for display or to a VCR for recording. When night-vision capability is desired in a permanent location, such as on a building or as part of the equipment in a helicopter, cameras .

15. Applications • Military • Law enforcement • Hunting • Wildlife observation • Surveillance • Security • Navigation • Hidden-object detection • Entertainment • images

16. Conclusion • Think of what happens when this night vision technology falls into the hands of hijackers or terrorists or rival forces ? • Thus just like other technologies, it’s a boon when used in a right way but poses a curse when misled

17. References Unknown author, “Night Vision Devices”. Book Rags. 11/12/2008 http://bookrags.com 2. Unknown author, “Night Vision Goggles”. Global Security. 11/10/2008 http://www.global securities.org 3. Unknown author, “How Night Vision Works”. How Stuff Works. 11/11/2008 <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com>