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Fundamental Unit of Biogeography

Fundamental Unit of Biogeography. Geographic Range. Conveying Range – Outline Maps. Range of Sooty Butterfly ( Zegris eupheme ). Conveying Range – Outline Maps. Range of Racoon (Procyon lotor). Conveying Range – Outline Maps. Range of Three-ridge Mussel (Amblema plicata).

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Fundamental Unit of Biogeography

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  1. Fundamental Unit of Biogeography Geographic Range

  2. Conveying Range – Outline Maps Range of Sooty Butterfly (Zegris eupheme)

  3. Conveying Range – Outline Maps Range of Racoon (Procyon lotor)

  4. Conveying Range – Outline Maps Range of Three-ridge Mussel (Amblema plicata)

  5. Conveying Range – Outline Maps Bird Map

  6. Conveying Range – Dot Maps Locations for emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides)

  7. Conveying Range – Dot Maps Locations for brown trout (Salmo trutta) – dot and outline map

  8. Conveying Range – Dot Maps Blue jay distribution in 20th precentile contours

  9. Conveying Range – Contour Maps Blue jay distribution as relative abundance

  10. Limitations • Outline – not across entire range (clumped disperson) • Dots – inaccuracies of locale information • Contour – spotty data • BUT • Georeferencing • Geostatistics • GIS – integration of data

  11. Patchy Nature of Range - Spatially

  12. Patchy Nature of Range - Temporal

  13. Factors Affecting Distribution of Species • Limiting abiotic factors (range of tolerance) • Biotic interactions • Hutchisonian niche – n-dimensional hypervolume

  14. Niche Dimensions and Range • Fundamental niche • Realized niche • Fundamental geographic range • Realized geographic range

  15. Distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus (Connel 1961)

  16. Gaps in Distribution • Metapopulations • Sink and source subpopulations • Atlantic snail • Barriers

  17. Other Source and Sink Distributions • Migration – temporal and resource-driven • Irruptions

  18. Red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata) – source (black) and sink (gray) range

  19. Of Note • Any fluctuations of population size will influence the realized geographic range

  20. All winter at high latitude – will extend range with resource shortage

  21. Variation over Range

  22. Abiotic Limiting Factors • Range of tolerance • Fundamental niche • Overlapping effects • Trade-offs for tolerance of given factor

  23. Disturbance • Limit/expand range of species • Patch dynamics • Intermediate disturbance hypothesis • Bluff and Great Lakes Examples

  24. Pupfishes (Cyprinodon nevadensis) • Adults tolerate 0 – 42°C • Found in cold to hot springs across range • Eggs develop at 20-36°C • Need access to a sink habitat to persist

  25. Biotic Factors - Competition • Exploitative • Interference • Ranges are often reflection of “ghosts of competition” past – example Connell’s barnacle study

  26. Kangaroo Rats (Didymops spp.) – was it competition? • Same niche • Two disjunct species • Realized niche of 3 species segregated by substrate • Competitive exclusion? • Resource partitioning? • Parapatric speciation? • No evidence of competition on edges

  27. Biotic Effects - Predation • Community regulator • Coevolutionary mechanism

  28. Loss of Barriers

  29. Keystone Predator Implications outside range of otter?

  30. Mutualism – Correlate to Distribution?

  31. Diffuse Competition • MacArthur (1972) – southern limits of many N. Amer. Birds not attributable to • Abiotic factors • Habitat limitation • Competition or Predation • 202 land birds in Texas, only 29 found in Panama; Panama 564 land bird species

  32. Yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) – one of the 29 found in both. Insectivore, limited to mangrove swamps and islands in tropics

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