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Biogeography. Zoogeographic Regions. The Distribution of Birds. Vicariance on order or family level No Pangea connection for modern birds. The Distribution of Birds. Gondwanaland / Laurasia May have affected two lineages in late Jurassic – Cretaceous. The Distribution of Birds.
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The Distribution of Birds • Vicariance on order or family level • No Pangea connection for modern birds
The Distribution of Birds • Gondwanaland / Laurasia • May have affected two lineages in late Jurassic – Cretaceous
The Distribution of Birds • Archaeopteryx • Liaoningornis • Isolated Oriental • 1 Strong connection among southern continents • 2 Strong connection among Holarctic
Southern Connection • Connects the older lineages • Explains distributions of families/orders • Ethiopian • Neotropical • Australasian
Southern Connection • Ratites (flightless) • Penguins (flightless) • Neotropics, Antarctic, Australasian, Ethiopian
The Distribution of Birds • Hesperonis • Ichthyornis • Enantiornithes • Ancient shorebird order, few others? • Isolated Oriental
Worldwide Lineages (flying) • Psittaciformes (Parrots) • Columbiformes (Pigeons) • Galliformes (Pheasants & Quail) • Cuculiformes (Cuckoos)
Worldwide Lineages (flying) QUAIL PARROTS
Greenland Connection – 65 MYA • Tropical Connection • Climate change shifts distributions • Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental • Family Level • Trogons, Barbets
Bering Connection (recent) • Originally Boreal • Currently Tundra • No holarctic connection for temperate biomes • Lots of genus and species
Holarctic Connections Many Temperate Connections Due to Convergence All Similarities in Passerines Boreal / Tundra Bering Connection Tropical Greenland Connection
Panama Connection ~ 6 MYA • Genus level • Warm Species • Both Directions • Latitudinal vs. Longitudinal dispersion
Borneo Connection ~ last 15 MY • Wallace’s Line • nature of ease of movement • One-way Movement • Monarch Flycatchers • Bee-eaters
Temperate Convergence Eastern Meadowlark Yellow-throated Longclaws
Temperate Convergence African Black-headed Oriole African Golden Oriole Orchard Oriole Black-crimson Oriole Audubon’s Oriole Altamira Oriole
Tropical Convergence Bee-eater Jacamar
Tropical Convergence Hornbill Toucan
Tropical Convergence Sunbird Hummingbird
Diversity • Australia • Isolated 50 – 15 MYA • Passerine radiation • Indian (Oriental) • 150 – 45 MYA • Few endemics • S. America • 65 – 6 MYA
Diversity • Africa • Similar fauna in arid and tropic regions • Ineffective Barriers • Vicariant events • Palearctic / Nearctic • Size • Temperate Species
Waterbirds Gulls Shorebirds Seabirds Rails Herons Ducks Mobile Landbirds Hawks Owls Swallows Swifts Worldwide Distribution