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Welcome to Micro- biology

Welcome to Micro- biology. Course Introduction . Textbook, some special features: Learning objectives Balance between fundamentals and applications Clinical Cases Foundation Figures End of chapter study outline and questions Mastering Microbiology Lab exercises: In-house Manual

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Welcome to Micro- biology

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  1. Welcome to Micro- biology

  2. Course Introduction Textbook,some special features: • Learning objectives • Balance between fundamentals and applications • Clinical Cases • Foundation Figures • End of chapter study outline and questions • Mastering Microbiology Lab exercises: In-house Manual Research Project and Presentation

  3. Log on to the Zoneand make sure that LPC has your correct email address. • Log on to Blackboard and enter the Microbiology 1 class site. • Review all menu links and all pages of the syllabus carefully! First homework to obtain 20 Startup PointsDue as listed in the on-line schedule • Syllabus Quiz - submitted online (11 pts.) • Signed Student Info Sheet (7 pts.) • Discussion Board posting: Intro (2 pts.)

  4. Chapter 1The Microbial World and You Student Learning Outcomes • List some ways in which microbes affect your live • Use scientific nomenclature : Genus and a specific epithet • List the three domains • Explain the importance of observations made by van Leeuwenhoek • Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis. Describe experiments that helped to prove biogenesis • Highlight the major achievements of Pasteur and Koch • Identify the important work of Semmelweis and Lister • Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Jenner and Fleming • Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and virology • Explain the importance of recombinant DNA technology • Define normal microbiota • Define and describe 6 EIDs

  5. Microbes help us by • decomposing organic waste • performing photosynthesis • Producing fermented foods, such as ethanol, vinegar, cheese, bread, . . . • producing insulin and many other drugs • . . . Only few microbes harm us by

  6. Knowledge of Microbial Agents Led to aseptic technique to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories Allows humans to … • … • …

  7. Naming and Classifying Microorganisms • Carolus Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1739. • Each organism has two names  Binomial nomenclature: Genus + specific epithet(species) • Italicized (or underlined), genus capitalized, “latinized”, and used worldwide. • May be descriptive or honor a scientist.

  8. Examples • Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) • Escherichia coli (E. coli) • Streptococcus pneumoniae(S. pneumoniae) 1857 –1911 After 1st use, scientific names may be abbreviated

  9. Types of Microorganisms • Bacteria • Archaea • Fungi • Protozoa • Algae • Viruses • Multicellular animal parasites • Prions

  10. Bacterium / Bacteria • Prokaryotic • Peptidoglycan cell wall • Binary fission • Gain energy from use of • organic chemicals • inorganic chemicals or • photosynthesis

  11. Archaea • Prokaryotic • No peptidoglycan • Live in extreme environments • Include • Methanogens • Extreme halophiles • Extreme thermophiles Figure 4.5b

  12. Fungus/Fungi • Eukaryotic • Chitin cell walls • Use organic chemicals for energy. • Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae. • Yeasts are unicellular.

  13. Protozoan/ Protozoa • Eukaryotes • Absorb or ingest organic chemicals • May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Algae ?

  14. Viruses • Are acellular • Have either DNA orRNA in core • Core is surrounded by a protein coat. • Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope. • Only replicate within living host cells.

  15. Multicellular Animal Parasites • Helminthsare parasitic flatworms and round worms • All have microscopic stages in life cycles

  16. Three Domain Classification • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya • Protista • Fungi • Plants • Animals

  17. Microbiology History The Beginnings • Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth • 1665: Cell theory – Robert Hooke Compare to Fig 1.2 • 1673: First microbes observed – Anton van Leeuwenhoek

  18. The Transition Period: Debate over Spontaneous Generation • Aristotles’sdoctrine of spontaneous generation. Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life • Biogenesis: Hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life

  19. 1668:Francesco Redi • the beginnings of experimental science • filled 6 jars with decaying meat

  20. 1745: John Needham • Objections • Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks

  21. 1765: LazzaroSpallanzani • boiled nutrient solutions in flasks

  22. 1861: Louis Pasteur • demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air

  23. Confirmation of Biogenesis Pasteur’s S-shaped (swan-neck ) flask kept microbes out but let air in Figure 1.3

  24. The Golden Age of Microbiology(1857-1914) Microbiology established as a science Louis Pasteur • Disproved spontaneous generation • Studied wine fermentation (yeasts vs. bacteria) • Pasteurization

  25. Pre-Pasteur: • IgnazSemmelweis(1840s) – hand disinfection and puerperal fever Based on Pateur’s and Semmelweis’ findings: Joseph Lister (1860s) –antiseptic surgery (phenol)

  26. Robert Koch • Work on anthrax proves the germ theory of disease • Procedures become Koch's postulates (see Ch 14) • Development of pure culture technique Nobel Prize in 1905 Nobelprize.org

  27. Before the Golden Age Period:The Birth of Vaccination • Jenner and smallpox vaccination (1796) • ~ 100 years later: Pasteur shows how vaccinations work. (Creation of avirulent strains of bacteria. How?) • Protection is called Immunity

  28. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy • 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis • 1930s: Synthesis of sulfonamides • 1928: Alexander Fleming and the discovery of the first antibiotic Fig 1.5

  29. Fig 1.5 Penicillin purification and clinical trials not until 1940s

  30. Modern Developments in Microbiology • Bacteriology – Mycology – Parasitology – Virology – Immunology • Microbial genetics and molecular biology lead to Recombinant DNA Technology (genetic engineering). Prokaryotic model system: E. coli

  31. Selected Nobel Prizes for Microbiology Research • 1901 von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin • 1902 Ross Malaria transmission • 1905 Koch TB bacterium • 1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes • 1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin • 1952 Waksman Streptomycin • 1969 Delbrück, Hershey, Luria Viral replication • 1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics • 1997 PrusinerPrions • 2005 Marshall & Warren H. pylori & ulcers

  32. Microbes and Human Disease – Again many Challenges – • Normal microbiota(flora) in and on the human body • Pathogens overcome the host’s resistance infectious disease • Antimicrobial resistance • Bioterrorism • (Re-)emerging infectious diseases (EID): Avian influenza, BSE, HIV/AIDS, MRSA, WNE . . .

  33. West Nile Encephalitis Avian influenza A • Caused by West Nile virus • First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937 • Appeared in New York City in 1999 • Influenza A virus (H5N1) • Primarily in waterfowl and poultry • Sustained human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet

  34. MRSA • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus • 1950s: Penicillin resistance developed • 1980s: Methicillin resistance • 1990s: MRSA resistance to vancomycin reported • VISA: Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus • VRSA: Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy • Caused by a prion • Also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).New variant CJD in humans is related to beef consumption

  35. Escherichia coli O157:H7 • Toxin-producing strain of E. coli • First seen in 1982 • Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide Figure 25.12

  36. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) • Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • First identified in 1981 • Worldwide epidemic infecting 30 million people; 14,000 new infections every day • Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females • HIV/AIDS in the U.S.: 30% are female, and 75% are African American The End

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