In-situ instrumentation for planetary surface exploration: present and future

2. In-situ instrumentation for planetary surface exploration: present and future M. Hilchenbach Lindau, June 27, 2003

3. In-situ instrumentation instrumentation on the surfaces of planets, asteroids, moons or comets - goals: measurement of elemental and isotopic composition, mineralogy and soil parameters, geological history, search for organic compounds on extraterrestrial bodies - methods: physical methods and applicable instrument designs: present and future

4. Reaching planetary surfaces: example Mars: Entry, descent and landing

5. Heavy elements and iron containing minerals Tools: APXS - Alpha, Protons and X-ray Sensor Mössbauer spectrometer (part of the payload of Nasa`s Martian rover missions Spirit and Opportunity, ESA`s Mars Express lander, Beagle II, ESA’s Rosetta mission)

6. APXS - Alpha, Protons and X-ray Sensor I alpha backscattering detector

7. APXS - Alpha, Protons and X-ray Sensor II X-Ray fluorescence detector

8. APXS III - Observations Mars Pathfinder

9. Martian and terrestrial sample compositions Rieder et al. 1997 Only the top layer composition is measured

10. Mössbauer spectrometer I

11. Mössbauer spectrometer II Determination of the oxidation state of minerals containing iron

12. Sample Acquisition Systems in Space Applications

13. Lunar Soil - Apollo 15

14. Apollo Missions Handtools Gas Analysis Sample Container Tongs (Apollo 12) Scale Hammer Scoop Rake (Apollo 16) Gnomon (Apollo 15)

15. Remote Sample Return Missions 30 years ago Luna 16, 1970 Drill Sealed Capsule On-orbit dry mass: 5600 kg Launch Date: 1970-09-12 Lunar soil in container: 0.1 kg Re-entry date: 1970-24-09

16. Luna 24, 1976 Lunokhod 3

17. Example: “Hard” material: Fractures in individual grains about 1 mm

18. Sample Acquisition: Mini and Micro Gripper Microgrippers created in microstructurable glass: Operated by piezo - actor Nanotube Nanotweezers: Just voltage operated P. Kim and C. M. Lieber SCIENCE 286, p.2148, 1999 R. Salim et al. Microsystem Technologies 4, p.32, 1997

19. Elements and isotopes - classification - objective: elemental and isotopic composition Tools: mass spectrometer

20. Goldschmidt's Classification Lithophile: concentration in silicate materials, examples Na, Mg, Al, K or Ca Siderophile: elements that tend to concentrate in metallic iron, such as Mn or Ni Chalcophile: elements that concentrate in sulfide phases, examples Cu, Se or Pb Atmophile: volatile elements in atmospheres, such as H, He or Ar

21. Objective Geochemistry of crust and regolith (rocks ?) Tool: Composition Measurement Bulk composition of the refractory, lithophile (Al, Ca, Mg, Ti, Be, Sc, V, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, REE, Hf, Ta, Th, U), volatile lithophile (K, Na, Rb, Cl, F), refractory siderophile (Fe, Ni, Co, Mo, W), moderately to volatile siderophile or chalcophile (Ga, Ge, Au, Ag and S, Se, Cd, Hg), and atmophile elements (H, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe). The most abundant elements (99%) are: O, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Fe, K, Na Other element are ‘Trace Elements’. example: ‘Bulk Silicate Earth’

22. Example of Lunar Soil Composition: i.e. trace elements such as Scandium and Samarium Wentworth 1994

23. Trace elements as indicators Partitioning analysis via trace elements analysis Korotev 1997

24. Surface history Surface erosion and “gardening” of surface by impacts ? Regolith Layer Impact History (‘Gardening’) Method: Identification of meteorite and cometary material or solar particles

25. Measurement of the isotopic ratios

26. History - Geochronology Radiogenic Isotopes Geochemistry Examples: 40K - 40Ar, 87Rb - 87Sr, 147Sm - 143Nd or 182Hf -182W (extinct nuclide chronometer) Presumably not achievable in-situ (lander)…. - required sensitivity - isobaric interferences

27. Mass spectrometer instrumentation

28. Example: “In situ” mass spectrometry W. B. Brinckerhoff, APL G. G. Managadze, IKI 2000 Laser desorption source and refectron type time-of-flight. Mass ~2 kg, Volume ~20x15x10 cm3 Mn/Fe ratio versus shot number Basalt: Mass spectrum Fe, Cr isotopes

29. E B Energy-Mass Spectrograph for Measurement of Ions and Neutral Atoms Funsten 1996

30. Hadamard transform time-of-flight mass spectrometer High duty cycle: about 50% Brock 1999

31. Mass spectroscopy using a rotating electric field E time-of-flight phase Clemmons 1998

32. Technology: Surface microstructure/miniature mass spectrometer Siebert, 1998 Manufacturing by lithographic 3D techniques (e.g. LIGA)

33. Electrostatic Axially Harmonic Orbital Trapping: A High-Performance Technique of Mass Analysis A. Makarov 2000 Modes of operation: a) Fourier transform b) mass selective instability Mass spectrum in frequency domain

34. A Capacitance Standard Based on Counting Electrons ‘Quantum dots’ Temperature 40 mK Keller 1999

35. Mineralogy Tools - (infrared spectrometer) - Raman spectrometer

36. Illustration (Moon) scale: 80 mm “Close-up” Lunar soil, Apollo 12 Landscape, Apollo 15 scale: 2.5 mm scale: 1 mm Photomicrograph of lunar basalt, Apollo 16 Orange volcanic glass (lava) and ilmenite (FeTiO3), Apollo 17

37. Geochemistry: Minerals in the lunar regolith

40. “In-situ” Mineralogy: Structure (and Composition) …. Oxides Sulphides Feldspars Silicates Meteoritic Minerals …. Example Olivine - Series between two end-members: Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and Fayalite (Fe2SiO4), Olivine - Temperature, phase and molecular fractionation Example: Lunar regolith (Apollo 17 “Sample Return”) Position of 820 cm-1 peak shifts with Mg/Fe ratio Raman Spectrometry, Korotev 1997

41. Organic compounds Goals identification and quantification of - traces of organic compounds in the Martian deep soil - organic compounds in the surface matter of a comet Tool - gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer

42. Viking 1976 Result: no life detected, could not even identify organic molecules (< ppb) in the upper layer of the Martian soil.

43. Science goal: Signs of Past and Present Life Are there any organic or water molecules in the Martian soil or atmosphere ? Detection and determination of organic compounds and water in Martian soil from different depths - Observation of oxidised organic compounds, not just CO2 ; Question: What are the oxidising agents ? Are they present in the deeper Martian soil layers ? - Identification and characterisation of minute traces of complex organic molecules, which might be contained and/or encapsulated in the subsurface material and are most likely very rare. Amino acid chirality determination. - Determination of elements essential for (terrestrial) life, such as C, O, N and H - Measurement of the isotopic ratios, such as D/H, 13C /12C, 15N/14N etc. - Traces of extinct life forms, even more interesting, traces of extant life forms

44. Goal: identification and quantification of traces of organic compounds

45. GC-MS: Gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer Mass spectrometer Gas Tank injector column (detector) sample Schematic view

47. Identification and characterisation of minute traces of complex organic molecules hydrolyzed HPLC analyis Glavin 1999 unhydrolyzed Benner 2000 Sample preparation and sample concentration is required prior to the GC-MS analysis. A GC-MS can only analyze volatile compounds. Most metastable products of organics substances are refractory (e.g. salts). The sample preparation (e.g. esterification) is an essential condition for the GC-MS analysis.

48. Chemical derivatization

49. Pyrolysis cell

50. Cassini`-Huygens visit to the atmosphere of Saturn`s moon Titan