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THE USE of PROCESS and PRODUCT MODELS in PRODUCTION PLANNING and CONTROL

THE USE of PROCESS and PRODUCT MODELS in PRODUCTION PLANNING and CONTROL. Can Ersen FIRAT PhD Student Helsinki University of Technology Construction Economics and Management canersen@cc.hut.fi Supervisor: Juhani Kiiras. In Brief.

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THE USE of PROCESS and PRODUCT MODELS in PRODUCTION PLANNING and CONTROL

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  1. THE USE of PROCESS and PRODUCT MODELS in PRODUCTION PLANNING and CONTROL Can Ersen FIRAT PhD Student Helsinki University of Technology Construction Economics and Management canersen@cc.hut.fi Supervisor: Juhani Kiiras

  2. In Brief Research Question:How can the construction industry benefit from the smart combined use of process and product models in production planning and control? Hypotheses: • There can be developed a smart transform from building elements in product models to construction activities in process models that enables fast responding to any change in design and/or construction. • Combined use of process models and product models and feedback from actual production to design provide time savings in concurrent production planning and design. Methodology:development of pilot sytem+testing in case studies Result:pilot systems of use of process and product models in construction production in planning and control Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  3. BIG PICTURE A B Smart Transform (ST) SYSTEM Smart Pull Model Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  4. BIG PICTURE Pilot System of the use of these models PRODUCT MODEL PROCESS MODEL Smart Transform (ST) SYSTEM Smart Pull Model Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  5. Problem Definition: 1/3 SMART CHECKING-ok DESIGN PRODUCT MODEL PRODUCTION PRODUCT MODEL Smart Transform (ST) ST1 BE -Product Structure (Recipe) Activities -Resources - - BE Resources - - RULES Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  6. D PM D+P P PM 2/3 Design PM (1) Design PM (2) Design PM (n) ST1 ST2 ST… STn Production PM (1) Production PM (2) Production PM (n) Transform : Omissions (-) Additions (+) Changes Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  7. 3/3 BE -Resources - - BE -Product Structure (Recipe) Process M (Scheduling) Design PM Cost RM Design PM Production PM ST1 Structures on recipes of activities and dependencies SMART BOQ - - - Smart Transform (ST) Estimation S Procurement M RULES PRODUCTION Production Control SMART CHECKING-ok Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  8. PRODUCT MODEL Building (DPM) -Resources - - Element (PPM) -Product Structure Recipe A Column recipe Building information model Heading to... PROCESS MODEL Simple Flow Diagram ? Data Flow Diagram Activity IDEFO Top floor (4th) 20 columns Scheduling Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  9. Building (DPM) -Resources - - Element (PPM) -Product Structure Recipe Heading to... Installation resources BP Packages (Activities) ? How Smart WBS Budgeting Activites Procurement Activites Scheduling Activites Resource Calling Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  10. Workflow Kick Off Report 1 Report 2 Report 3 Report 4 Finish 2005 2006 2007 1-9 9-12 1-6 6-12 1-6 6-12 Production Planning and Control PPC Product Models PM Process Modeling PrM PM in PPC Generic PrM Pilot Model Uses of Model Based PPC Major&Minor Studies Developing Pilot sytem Modern advanced IT based PPC PrM in Construction Results Case Studies Literature Survey on PrM Development of Pilot System Literature Survey on PPC Testing Literature Survey on PM Case Study:Skanska-Ankkahovi Phase1 Phase2 Phase3 Phase4 Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  11. Phase 1 “Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis” (European Conference on Product and Process Modeling in the Building Industry (ECPPM) in Valencia, Spain, 13-15 September) (Scheduled) • Based on the literature review; • Aim: to find out how to apply in integrative ways both smart process models and product models to the modeling of the design and construction of new buildings. • Subaims: • the current IT-based construction process models and building product models are identified and criticized • possibilities to use them combined and concurrently for building project planning are explored, • primarily, the combined product and process models, their choice, adoption, and use for BP planning are addressed Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  12. What? PROCESS : a series of activities that takes an input adds value to it and produces an output for a customer (Anjard, 1998) methods Materials products Process Training services Information paperwork People Skills Knowledge information Plant/equipment procedures Fig. Ref: Kalle Kähkönen (2005) Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  13. What? PROCESS (Koskela, 1992, Cooper, 1994, Vonderembse&White, 1996) PROCEDURE (Lee et al., 2000) • Sequence of steps: preparation,conduct and completion of task • Is required when the task is: • Complex • Routine (performed consistently) • Defines the rules • Supports the process • Literally: progress or course • Converts inputs to outputs • Creates a change of state • Clarifies the interfaces of fragmented management hierarchies • Increase the visibility/understandability of work • Defines business/project activites across functional boundaries Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  14. What? • A modelis defined as ‘a representation of something’ but, in computing, it is ‘a simulation that describes how a system behaves so that a computer program can control the system or can explore the effects of change’ (Eastman, 1999) • Information models either display an existing situation (As-Is Model) or a function design scenario (TO-BE model). (KBSI, 1998) Modeling is divided into three categories referred to as • Data modeling involves designing and implementing database structures to support an organization’s information requirements i.e. data models support the design of ‘TO-BE’ domains. Data modeling is the identification and modeling of information from a certain domain. (Björk, 1992). • The product model describes project deliverables in terms of tangible elements. Product modeling is an extension of data modeling to involve an entity like a building as a product (Aouad et al, 1993 ; Björk, 1992) • Process or activity modeling is the analysis and description of process functions or activities to discover and model what controls the execution of a function, which performs the function, and what objects or data, is consumed and produced by the function. (Ojwaka, 1999) Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  15. Why? HIGHLIGHTS OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (Ball, 1998) CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (Karhu, 2001) • Uniqueness of end products (Halpin and Riggs, 1992) • Iterative or repetitive activities(Halpin and Riggs, 1992) • Complex of organisational schems (Ahuja, 1976) • Order or dependency of activities(Fondahl, 1980) • Concurreny of activities • Use of feedback • Conditional branching • The one of a kind product • The spatial fixity of buildings • On site production • Effect of land price on design and construction possibilities • Long life time expectancy • Inexperience of clients • The producer role of companies • Domestic industry • Masculine stereotype of workforce • Long cycle form design to production • High cost • Amplified reaction to economic crisis • Labour intensive production • The fragmented nature of industry Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  16. Common Perspectives • Functional: representing what process elements are being performed and what flows connect these elements. • Behavioral: representing when process elements are performed, and how they are perfomed through feedback loops, iteration, decision making conditions,etc. • Organisational: where and by whom process elements are performed. • Informational : a perspective of the informational entities produced or manipulated by the process. Ref: Curtis (1992) Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  17. Business Process Models • Process type: the characteristics of the process in general • Process instance : an occurance of process in a certain situation Components Activity • Transformation • Flow • Added value V1 V2 V3 Experience (+) • Strenghtening(+) and weakining(-) factors Activity Ref: Kalle Kähkönen (2005) Additional work (-) Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  18. Construction Process Integration directions: • The Information Process produces information which directly/indirectly controls material activities • The Information Process constantly need feedback information about what actually is happening in material process • Björk(1997) applies the of process based approach to construction into two main sub-processes: • The Information Process result in information (drawings, specifications, schedules, procurement orders, etc.) • The Material Process result in services of physical objects (raw materials, prefabricated components. general knowledge instructions Information Activity Information products building Material Actors with help of machines, computers, sofware, etc.) Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  19. Process Modeling Tools • Over 300 tools for Business process models (Kähkönen 2005) • Some methods include (Karhu, 2001) • Scheduling • The simple flow diagram and its variations • Data flow diagramming • IDEF0 • IDEF0v • IDEF3 • Petri Nets • Cyclone (Halpin and Riggs 1992) Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  20. Sample AEC Process Models • The Information Reference Model for AEC (IRMA) (Luiten et al. 1993) FIG. Specialization hierarchy of the Information Reference Model for AEC. Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  21. Sample AEC Process Models • The Building Project Model (BPM) (Luiten 1994) FIG. A Portion of the Building Project Model. Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  22. Sample AEC Process Models • The Information/Integration for Construction (ICON) project (Aouad et al. 1994) FIG. A Portion of the ICON Construction Planning Object Model. Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  23. Sample AEC Process Models • The Unified Approach Model (Björk 1992) FIG. A Portion of The generic model of the Unified Approach Model Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  24. Sample AEC Process Models • The General Construction Object Model, GenCOM, (Froese 1992) • The ATLAS project (Tolman, Bakkeren and Böhms 1994). • Generic Reference Model (GRM) for Life Cycle Facility Management (Reschke and Teijgler 1994) • Platform for Information Sharing by CIME Applications, PISA, ESPRIT III (Willems 1993) • COMBINE project (COmputer Models for the Building INdustry in Europe, 1 and 2) (COMBINE 1995) • Standard for The Exchange of Product Model Data, or STEP (ISO 1994a, NPDERC 1995) FIG. A Portion of the PISA Process Model. Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  25. Process Modeling Tools SCHEDULING SIMPLE FLOW DIAGRAM task resource activity Task decomposition input Temporal dependency (FS,SF,SS,FF) flow output Flow decomposition duration mechanism control start time Activity decompositon finish time Task location Temporal dependency type Task type IDEF0 GEPM Ref: Karhu (2001) Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  26. Thank you Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  27. Questions... 1/5 1) Basic Good References? Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  28. Questions... 2/5 2) Is process modeling research area novel enough?Are we adressing to a real gap? Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  29. Questions... 3/5 3) How to validate this kind of analysis and/or development of research? Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  30. Questions... 4/5 4) Suggestions One level of detail in focal area ? Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  31. Questions... 4/5 4) What about tools ? Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

  32. Thank you Firat C.E.., Kiiras J., Huovinen P. (2006) Use of Process Models for Building Project Planning: a literature synthesis TKK International Construction Business (ICB) 29 March 2006Construction Economics and Management

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