American Civil War

1. American Civil War Mr. Potts 7th Grade Social Studies Sossaman Middle School

2. History of Slavery in the U.S. • 1619 – The first African slaves landed in Jamestown, VA. • 1793 – Cotton gin increases the demand for slave labor. • 1800’s – Cotton is the “cash crop” * #1 industry in the South. • 1850 – Fugitive Slave Act: Federal law that declared that all runaway slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters. • 1857 – Dred Scott Case: Congress does not have the right to ban slavery in the states. • 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation: President Lincoln declares all slaves in South free. • 1865 – 13th Amendments abolishes slavery in the U.S. • Origins of Slavery – History.com Video Clip (3 min.)

3. Factors Leading to the Civil War • Westward Expansion • Mexican-American War & Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Role of Abolitionists & Underground Railroad • Sectionalism & States’ Rights • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Dred Scott Decision • Election of 1860

4. Westward Expansion • With the end of the Mexican-American War, America acquired new land in the west. • This posed a PROBLEM: as these new territories would be admitted as states, would they be free or slave? • To deal with this, Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 which made California free state and allowed popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico territory.

5. Abolitionists & Underground Railroad • Some reform movements in the 1800’s drew stubborn and violent opposition. This was especially true of the abolitionist movement. Pro-slavery supporters fought for laws to protect slavery and extend the slave system. • Abolitionists such as Nat Turner, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe fueled the debate over slavery, which increased the divide between the North and the South.

6. Sectionalism & States’ Rights • States’ Rights refers To the struggle between the federal government and individual states over political power. • In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. • The sides of this debate were largely drawn between northern and southern states, thus widened the growing divide within the nation.

7. Missouri Compromise (1820) • The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries of slavery and anti-slavery groups that was triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. • A compromise bill was worked out with the following provisions: • (1) Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) as free state. • (2) except for Missouri, slavery was to be excluded from the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36°30. • EFFECT = Missouri Compromise kept the slavery debate out of Congress for the next 20+ years.

8. Missouri Compromise (1820)

9. Compromise of 1850 • California was admitted to the Union as the 16th free state. In exchange, the south was guaranteed that no federal restrictions on slavery would be placed on Utah or New Mexico and a FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW was passed, requiring northerners to return runaway slaves to their owners under penalty of law. • EFFECT = The Compromise of 1850 accomplished what it set out to do -- it kept the nation united -- but the solution was only temporary. Over the following decade the country's citizens became further divided over the issue of slavery.

10. Kansas-Nebraska Act • The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. • EFFECT = led to “Bleeding Kansas,” a series (1854-1861) of violent political confrontations involving pro vs. anti slavery Americans over Kansas being admitted as a free or slave state.

11. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

12. Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott was a slave who sought citizenship through the American legal system, and whose case eventually ended up in the Supreme Court. • The famous Dred Scott Decision in 1857 denied his request, stating he was a slave and as a slave he was not a citizen and could not initiate a lawsuit. • Besides denying citizenship for African-Americans, it also overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820. • EFFECT = Divided the nation even more over the issue of slavery and states rights.

13. Election of 1860 • In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected 16th President after winning EVERY Northern state and the South believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. • EFFECTS = December 12, 1860 – South Carolina held a convention and voted to secede from the Union as Congress was unable to create a compromise to prevent secession. • February 1861 – Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia seceded. • Formation of a new government calling themselves the “Confederate States of America”

14. POV Statement “We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.” - Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President

15. POV Statement • “The last ray of hope for preserving the Union has expired at the assault upon Fort Sumter…” • President Abraham Lincoln – April 1861 POV Statement Name, a place in society, believes ideas, because rationale

16. Major Events of the Civil War • Fort Sumter • Major Battles • Bull Run • Antietam • Vicksburg • Gettysburg • Emancipation Proclamation • Sherman’s March • Surrender at Appomattox

17. The Civil War Begins • The divisions within the United States reached a breaking point with the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Several southern states left the Union to form a new confederation. • The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina (SC).

18. Fort Sumter • Location – Charleston Harbor in Charleston, South Carolina • Union – Major Robert Anderson • Confederate – P.G.T. Beauregard • Date – April 12-14, 1861 • Battle Victory – Confederate (South) • Significance • No casualties = raised false hopes for a quick war. • EFFECT - The MAJOR effect of the battle was that it marked the beginning of the American Civil War.

19. North vs. South • The shots fired at Fort Sumter made war a reality. Neither the North or the South was prepared for war. Each side had some advantages.

20. Who had the ADVANTAGE? North vs. South Advantages of the Civil War South North

21. Who had the ADVANTAGE?

22. Who had the ADVANTAGE?

23. Major Battles of the Civil War • As the Civil War continued each side had some advantages. The war in the Eastern U.S. centered in the region around the two capitals: • Northern President = Abraham Lincoln – Washington, D.C. • Southern President = Jefferson Davis – Richmond, VA

24. Battle of Bull Run • Location – Manassas, Virginia • Union – Gen. Irvin McDowell & Gen. Robert Patterson • Confederate – P. G. T. Beauregard & Gen. Joseph E. Johnston • Date – July 21, 1861 • Battle Victory – Confederate (South) • Significance • Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson earned his famous nickname “Stonewall” • Causalities • North – 2,896 • South – 1,982 • EFFECT – 1st MAJOR battle of the Civil War & shattered the North’s hope of winning the war quickly.

25. Major Battles of the Civil War • As the Civil War continued each side had some advantages. The war in the Eastern U.S. centered in the region around the two capitals: • Northern President = Abraham Lincoln – Washington, D.C. • Southern President = Jefferson Davis – Richmond, VA

26. Battle of Bull Run • Location – Manassas, Virginia • Union – Gen. Irvin McDowell & Gen. Robert Patterson • Confederate – P. G. T. Beauregard & Gen. Joseph E. Johnston • Date – July 21, 1861 • Battle Victory – Confederate (South) • Significance • Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson earned his famous nickname “Stonewall” • Causalities • North – 2,896 • South – 1,982 • EFFECT – 1st MAJOR battle of the Civil War & shattered the North’s hope of winning the war quickly.

27. Battle of Antietam • Location – Antietam Creek, Maryland • Union – Gen. George B. McClellan • Confederate – Gen. Robert E. Lee • Date – September 17, 1862 • Battle Victory – Union (North) • Significance • Single bloodiest battle of the Civil War & single bloodiest day in American history. • Causalities • North – 12,401 • South – 10,316 • Total = 22,717 • EFFECT – Allowed Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

28. Abraham Lincoln Quote • “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.” • President Abraham Lincoln - 1862

29. Emancipation Proclamation • September 22, 1862 – 5 days after the Battle of Antietam. • Emancipate: to free from slavery. • An executive order to free slaves in the rebelling areas. “… all persons held as slaves within any state… in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth, and forever free.” > President Abraham Lincoln – 1862 EFFECT = 1. Freed the slaves in the rebelling areas (South) 2. Did NOT abolish slavery 3. Encouraged slaves to runaway 4. 200,000 ex-slaves joined the Union military

30. Battle of Gettysburg • Location – Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (PA) • Union – Gen. George Meade • Confederate – Gen. Robert E. Lee • Date – July 1-3, 1863 • Battle Victory – Union (North) • Significance • Military Strength = Union 93,000 vs. Confederate 71,699 • Causalities • North – 20,055 • South – 23,231 • Total = 43,286 • EFFECT – Lee is turned back from his Northern invasion and the battle is considered to be the “turning point” in the Civil War.

31. Output ActivityPOV Statement “The army is now ripe for mutiny [rebellion] unless it can be fed. If you can’t feed us you’d better surrender us, horrible as the idea is.” - Confederate soldiers at Vicksburg to General John C. Pemberton, 1863 POV Statement Name, a place in society, believes ideas, because rationale

32. ACAPS Author – Who created the source? What do you know about this persons point of view? How might this affect the meaning? Context – When and where was the source created? How might this affect the meaning? Audience – For what audience was this source created? How might this affect the meaning? Purpose – For what reason was this source created? How might this affect its meaning? Significance – What can be learned or inferred from this source? What is the main idea?

33. Output ActivityACAPS “The army is now ripe for mutiny [rebellion] unless it can be fed. If you can’t feed us you’d better surrender us, horrible as the idea is.” - Confederate soldiers at Vicksburg to General John C. Pemberton, 1863 ACAPS Author Context Audience Purpose Significance

34. Battle for Vicksburg • Location – Vicksburg, Mississippi • Union – Gen. Ulysses S. Grant • Confederate – Gen. John C. Pemberton • Date – May 18, 1863 – July 4, 1863 • Battle Victory – Union (North) • Significance • Military Strength – Union 77,000 vs. Confederate 33,000 • Causalities • North – 4,835 • South – 3,202 • (29,000 + surrendered to the Union) • EFFECT – Union gained control of the entire Mississippi River.

35. Gettysburg Address • November 19, 1863 President Abraham Lincoln dedicates a cemetery in Gettysburg, PA. • Lincoln gave a 2 minute speech. • The speech helped war-weary Americans look beyond the images of the battlefields and focus on the task of preserving the Union.

36. Sherman’s March • November 15th – December 21st, 1864. • General William T. Sherman (Union) attacks the HEART of the South and begins a “March to the Sea” from Tennessee to Georgia. • Mission = destroy anything useful to the South & destroy the South’s ability to continue fighting in the Civil War. • Total War = war on all aspects of enemy life.

37. Surrender at Appomattox • April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. “There is nothing left for me to do but go see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” • Robert E. Lee, April 1865 • Grant’s surrender terms were generous… • Required to turn over their rifles • Free to go home with their horses • Provided with 3 days worth of food • Civil War: April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865

38. Results/Effects of the Civil War 1.1 Million Casualties Cost of war = $6,190,000,000 623,026 deaths Total destruction to much of the South Strengthened the federal government which now had more power than the states Millions of slaves were freed The victory PRESERVED the Union President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated 5 days later on April 14, 1865