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Italy in 1815. North Controlled by Austria South controlled by Spain Central Italy controlled by the Pope Only Sardinia & Piedmont ruled by an Italian family . Giuseppe Mazzini – The Soul. Vision of a United Italy free from foreign influence. Founds a nationalist group called ‘Young Italy’.
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Italy in 1815 • North Controlled by Austria • South controlled by Spain • Central Italy controlled by the Pope • Only Sardinia & Piedmont ruled by an Italian family
Giuseppe Mazzini – The Soul Vision of a United Italy free from foreign influence. Founds a nationalist group called ‘Young Italy’. Garibaldi becomes one of his followers.
Garibaldi – The Sword • Member of Young Italy • Soldier • Lead leads a volunteer army called the Red Shirts
1848 Revolutions • Starts in France because of discontent over the government. • Spreads to other European countries including Italy. • Mazzini (already exiled) and Garibaldi leap on the chance and to encourage a popular uprising.
The outcome • Uprising crushed everywhere including Italy. • Garibaldi goes into exile. • Some reforms did happen, but they were then taken away or not implemented successfully.
Sardinia was the only place where reforms survived under their new King Victor Emmanuel
Camilio Cavour – The Brain • Desired a united Italy under Sardinian leadership • Saw that Mazzini’s use of popular uprising hadn’t worked. • New strategy • Leads the modernisation of Sardinia • Realpolitik
Realpolitik • Making decisions based on practical & realistic factors rather than ideas. • Its sole principle advancement of the national interest • How to get Austria out of Italy?
Pact of Plombières • Cavour make a secret deal with France • France will support Sardinia if Austria declares war on them. • France gets Savoy and Nice • Sardinia to get Lombardy and Venetia.
What happened next? • France backs down • Afraid of a united Italy • Threat of intervention of Prussia. • Sardinia gets Lombardy but not Venetia • France gets nothing. • Soon after Tuscany, Parma, Modena and parts of the Papal states and become United Provinces of Central Italy.
Four to go! • Venetia, Papal states, Piedmont-Sardinia & the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. • United Provinces of Central Italy ask to be annexed by Sardinia. • Cavour makes a deal with France. Savoy & Nice for U.P.C. • Victor Emmanuel assumes title of King of Italy. • 3 to go!
Garibaldi – The Sword • Revolt in Sicily • Garibaldi returns angry at Nice being given to French. • Cavour diverts his attention to Sicily. • Liberates the Kingdom of the two Sicily’s with his army of Red Shirts. (2 to go!) • Cavour, worried that Garibaldi would want to become King of Italy, sends his troops to take the remaining Papal States. (1 to go!)
Venetia • Only Venetia left • Austria too powerful to take on by themselves. • Cavour supports Prussia in their war against Austrian and gets Venetia.
Who had the most influence on Italian Unification? • Mazzini – The Soul • Garibaldi – The Sword • Cavour – The Brain