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ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY

ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE. Action : Manage the physiological effects of altitude Condition : While performing as an aircrew member Standard : IAW AR 95-1, AR 40-8, FM 3-04.301, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine. ELO #1.

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ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY

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  1. ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY

  2. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE • Action: Manage the physiological effects of altitude • Condition: While performing as an aircrew member • Standard: IAW AR 95-1, AR 40-8, FM 3-04.301, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine

  3. ELO #1 • ACTION: Identify the physiological zones and the physical divisions of the atmosphere. • CONDITION: Given a list. • STANDARD: IAW FM 3-04.301.

  4. Physical Divisions of the Atmosphere 1200 miles EXOSPHERE 600 miles IONOSPHERE 50 miles STRATOSPHERE Tropopause TROPOSPHERE Sea level to flight level 300 - 600 depending on temperature, latitude and season. MOUNT EVEREST 29,028 FEET

  5. Physiological Zones of the Atmosphere SPACE EQUIVALENT ZONE: 50,000 feet and above 63,000 ft 50,000 DEFICIENT ZONE: 10,000 to 50,000 feet 18,000 ft 10,000 EFFICIENT ZONE: Sea level to 10,000 feet

  6. Composition of the Air • 78 Percent Nitrogen N2 • 21 Percent Oxygen • 1 Percent Other • .03 percent CO2

  7. ELO #2 • ACTION: Select the correct barometric pressure at sea level. • CONDITION: Given a list. • STANDARD: IAW FM 3-04.301

  8. 760 mm Hg OR 29.92 in. Hg Sea Level Pressure 14.7 PSI lbs Scale Barometer / Altimeter

  9. PERCENT COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE REMAINS CONSTANT BUT PRESSURE DECREASES WITH ALTITUDE

  10. SIGNIFICANT PRESSURE ALTITUDES PRESSURE ALTITUDE FEET mm/HG ATMOSPHERES 0 760 1 18,000 380 1/2 34,000 190 1/4 48,000 95 1/8 63,000 47 1/16

  11. 21% 1% Other O2 78% N2 47 --- mm/Hg 95 --- 190 --- 380 --- 523 --- 760 --- Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law) 760 mm Hg

  12. (Dalton’s Law) The pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture. Pt = P1 + P2 + ...+ Pn

  13. ELO #3 • ACTION: Identify the components of the circulatory system that transport oxygen throughout the human body. • CONDITION: Given a list. • STANDARD: IAW FM 3-04.301.

  14. FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • Oxygen and nutrient (fuel) transport to the cells. • Transport of metabolic waste products to organ removal sites. • Assists in temperature regulation.

  15. Components of the Circulatory System

  16. Blood transport of O2 and CO2 O2 Plasma CO2 CO2 O2 CO2 O2 hemoglobin molecule O2 molecule Red Blood Cell

  17. ELO #4 • ACTION: Select the functions and types of respiration. • CONDITION: Given a list. • STANDARDS: IAW FM 3-04.301.

  18. FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Intake of Oxygen [O2] • Removal of Carbon Dioxide [CO2] • Maintenance of body heat balance • Maintenance of body acid base balance [pH]

  19. Phases of Respiration Breathing out Breathing in Active Phase INHALATION Passive Phase EXHALATION

  20. COMPONENTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Nasal/Oral pharynx Trachea Bronchiole Bronchi Alveolar Ducts Alveoli

  21. Law of Gaseous Diffusion Gas molecules of higher pressure move in the direction of gas molecules of a lower pressure PO2 = 100mmHg PO2 = 40mmHg PO2 = 70 mmHg PO2 = 70 mmHg

  22. Blood Gas Exchange Venous Capillary Hemoglobin Saturation 75% PCO2 = 46 mm PO2 = 40 mm Tissue Alveoli CO2 CO2 PO2 = 100 mm PO2 = 1 - 60 mm O2 PCO2 = 46 mm PCO2 = 40 mm O2 O2 O2 PCO2 = 40 mm PO2 = 100 mm Arterial Capillary Hemoglobin Saturation 98%

  23. Oxygen transport in the blood: dependent on the partial pressure of oxygen. pO2

  24. Correction of Altitude, Alveolar O2, Hb saturation-------- ambient air-------- ALTITUDE BAROMETRIC ALVEOLAR HEMOGLOBIN (FEET) PRESSURE OXYGEN SATURATION (mmHg) ( PAO2) % (Hb) Sea level 760 104 97 10,000 523 67 90 20,000 349 40 70 30,000 226 21 20 40,000 141 6 5 50,000 87 1 1

  25. ALTITUDE BAROMETRIC ALVEOLAR HEMOGLOBIN (FEET) PRESSURE OXYGEN SATURATION (mmHg) ( PAO2) % (Hb) Correction of Altitude, Alveolar O2, Hb saturation-------- 100% Oxygen-------- Sea level 760 673 100 10,000 523 436 100 20,000 349 262 100 30,000 226 139 99 40,000 141 58 87 50,000 87 16 15

  26. ELO #5 • ACTION: Match the type of hypoxia with their respective causes. • CONDITION: Given a list of hypoxia types and a list of hypoxia causes. • STANDARDS: IAW FM 3-04.301.

  27. Hypoxia State of oxygen [O2] deficiency in the blood cells and tissues sufficient to cause impairment of function.

  28. Types of Hypoxia • Hypemic • Stagnant • Histotoxic • Hypoxic

  29. Hypoxic Hypoxia Reduced pO2 in the lungs (high altitude) A deficiency in Alveolar oxygen exchange Red blood cells Body tissue

  30. Hypemic Hypoxia An oxygen deficiency due to reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood + + + + + + + + + + Carbon monoxide + + + + +

  31. Stagnant Hypoxia Adequate oxygen Reduced blood flow Blood moving slowly Red blood cells not replenishing tissue needs fast enough G-Forces

  32. Histotoxic Hypoxia Inability of the cell to accept or use oxygen Adequate oxygen Red blood cells retain oxygen Alcohol Poisoned tissue

  33. Hypoxia Symptoms what you feel (subjective) Air hunger Apprehension Fatigue Nausea Headache Dizziness Denial Hot & Cold Flashes Euphoria Belligerence Blurred Vision Numbness Tingling

  34. Hypoxia Signs what we see in you (objective) • Hyperventilation • Cyanosis • Mental confusion • Poor Judgment • Lack of muscle coordination

  35. Stages of Hypoxia • Indifferent Stage • Compensatory Stage • Disturbance Stage • Critical Stage

  36. Indifferent Stage • Altitudes: • Air: 0 - 10,000 feet • 100% O2: 34,000 - 39,000 feet • Symptoms: decrease in night vision @ 4000 feet • acuity • color perception

  37. Compensatory Stage • Altitudes: Air: 10,000 - 15,000 feet 100% O2: 39,000 - 42,000 feet • Symptoms: impaired efficiency, drowsiness, poor judgment and decreased coordination

  38. CAUTION!!!! Failure to recognize your signs and symptoms may result in an aircraft mishap.

  39. Disturbance Stage • Altitudes Air: 15,000 - 20,000 FEET 100% O2: 42,000 - 44,800 FEET

  40. Memory Judgment Reliability Understanding Disturbance Stagesymptoms • Coordination • Flight Control • Speech • Handwriting

  41. Time of Oxygen 1 Minute 2 Minutes 3 Minutes 4 Minutes 5 Minutes 6 Minutes Put Back on Oxygen

  42. Signs Hyperventilation Cyanosis Disturbance Stage

  43. Critical Stage • Altitudes Air: 20,000 feet and above 100% O2: 44,800 feet and above • Signs: loss of consciousness, convulsions and death

  44. Pressure altitude Rate of ascent Time at altitude Temperature Physical activity Individual factors Physical fitness Self-imposed stresses Factors modifying hypoxia symptoms

  45. DEATH Drugs Exhaustion Alcohol Tobacco Hypoglycemia keep self imposed stresses out of the aircraft

  46. ALCOHOL 2000 feet 1 ounce =

  47. Expected performance time for a crew member flying in a pressurized cabin is reducedapproximately one-half following loss of pressurization such as in a: RD Rapid Decompression

  48. Expected Performance Times FL 430 & above 9-12 seconds FL 400 15 - 20 seconds FL 350 30 - 60 seconds FL 300 1 - 2 minutes FL 280 2 1/2 - 3 minutes FL 250 3 - 5 minutes FL 220 8 - 10 minutes FL 180 20 - 30 minutes

  49. Prevention Limit time at altitude 100% O2 Hypoxia

  50. Treatment 100% O2 Descend to a safe altitude Hypoxia

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