Chapter 22: The Development of U.S. Foreign Policy

1. Chapter 22: The Development of U.S. Foreign Policy Flags from: www.fotw.net

2. Section 2: Shared Foreign Policy Powers Presidential Powers & Responsibilities • Constitutional Powers • Commander-in-Chief • Head of State What foreign policy powers does the President have as Head of State? Pictures from www.whitehouse.gov

3. Section 2: Shared Foreign Policy Powers • Foreign Policy Advisors • Secretary of State Hillary Clinton • Secretary of Defense Robert Gates • National Security Advisor General (ret.) James Jones Pictures from www.wikipedia.org

4. Section 3: State & Defense Departments • Department of State created in 1789 • Secretary of State is the highest ranking member of the Cabinet. • State Departments “primary objective in the conduct of foreign relations is to promote the long-range security & well-being of the United States.” Pictures from www.wikipedia.org

5. Section 3: State & Defense Departments • Department of State has four other important functions: • Keep president informed about international relations • To maintain diplomatic relations with foreign governments • Negotiate treaties with foreign governments • Protect the interests of Americans traveling abroad Pictures from www.wikipedia.org

6. Section 3: State & Defense Departments • Five assistant Secretaries of State administer five geographic bureaus: • African Affairs • European & Canadian Affairs • East-Asian & Pacific Affairs • Inter-American Affairs • Near-Eastern Affairs • Official assigned to serve abroad are members of the foreign service • State Department maintains embassies and consulates in foreign capitals and major cities that the U.S. has diplomatic relations with.

7. Section 3: State & Defense Departments • Department of Defense (DOD) supervises the armed forces of the U.S. • Army • Navy • Air Force • Nuclear Arsenal • The U.S. military is controlled by civilians. The President is the Commander-in-Chief & he designates the Secretary of Defense to run the day to day affairs and supervise the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Pictures from www.wikipedia.org

8. Section 4: Foreign Policy in Action When nation feel a common threat to their security they form mutual defense alliances The United States is a member of three regional security pacts. Since WWII mutual defense alliances and regional security pacts, along with the United Nations have prevented a third world war. Collective Security: a system by which the participating nations agree to take joint action against a nation that attacks any one of them. “All for one and one for all.”

9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Formed after WWII to contain communism and the Soviet Union. • Initially the Western European Democracies, the U.S. and Canada • Since the end of the Cold War NATO has transformed into a peacekeeping organization with missions in the former Yugoslavia, & Afghanistan

10. Organization of American States • Formed in 1947 with the Rio Pact • Has served as a peacekeeping force and organization to promote democracy and diplomacy in the American hemisphere • Strained by Cuban Crisis of the 1960s as well as the 1982 Falkland Islands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom in

11. ANZUSAustralia, New Zealand, United States • Formed in 1951 as the main defense pact in the Pacific. • ANZUS strained after 1984 when New Zealand adopted an anti-Nuclear policy