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The Cold War

The Cold War. 1953 - 1991. Changes to Foreign Policy. What is Ike’s New foreign policy? Containment with a twist Push back commies Creates Strategic Air Command Works for peace at Geneva Conference 1955, Open Skies proposal rejected by USSR. Vietnam – The Start.

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War 1953 - 1991

  2. Changes to Foreign Policy • What is Ike’s New foreign policy? • Containment with a twist • Push back commies • Creates Strategic Air Command • Works for peace at Geneva Conference 1955, Open Skies proposal • rejected by USSR

  3. Vietnam – The Start • Ho Chi Minh tries to get Wilson (1919) to help, does not

  4. Vietnam • 1950, US will increasingly help France • France crushed Dien bien phu • Pull out • Sign Accords At Geneva (1954) • US Reaction?

  5. Vietnam • Vietnam split 17th Parallel • Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces controlled the North • Setup free elections

  6. US Military Involvement Begins • South • Repressive dictatorial rule by Diem • Diem Catholic – problem here? • Buddhist majority persecuted • Diem gets US Aid • Financial and military aid • 200 U.S. Army advisors 1960.

  7. Early Protests of Diem’s Rule Self-Emolation by a Buddhist Monk

  8. Middle East • 1953 – CIA arrange coup Iran • Install Shah Pahlevi • Not popular with Arabs – Why? • Protects oil reserves • Egypt • Pres. Nasser wants to dam the Nile • Gets USSR aid over US

  9. Middle East 1948 – 1949

  10. OPEC formed (1960) • Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela

  11. Election of 1956 and Space Race • Ike wins easily • But Dems take House and Senate • Sputnik launched Oct. 1957 • Impact? • Fear in US • Causes worries about education • Critics blame Truman • Pass National Defense and Education Act

  12. Cold War Thaws and Freezes • Works for Test Ban Treaty • But at Paris Conference 1960 Khrushchev reveals U-2 spy plan shot down – Powers on Trial for Espionage

  13. Cuba • Castro takes over from Batista 1959 • Impact? • Cubans flee to Florida • Ike plans invasion of the island • Castro gains support of USSR

  14. Ike Moves on and Election 1960 • 22nd Amendment limits Ike to 2 terms • Alaska and Hawaii states • Election 1960 • Kennedy (D) • Nixon (R) • TV Plays major role in this debate

  15. Kennedy’s inauguration… • The US would “pay any price, bear any burden, Meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” • “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”

  16. US 1945 6 bombers 6 warheads 1950 100 bombers 369 warheads 1960 200 ICBMs 350 bombers 20,500 warheads USSR 1949 1 warhead 1955 400 warheads 1960 100 ICBMs 1600 warheads Arms Race to 1960

  17. Cuba • Bay of Pigs Invasion • April 1961 – JFK continues with Ike made plan and sends in CIA trained Cubans • Fails miserably • JFK looks weak

  18. Berlin Wall • Berlin remains area of contention • US worries about Domino Theory • Berlin was a problem for USSR Why? • 300,000 leaving every year, Why? • USSR threatens to turn East Berlin over to East German Government • What impact would this have?

  19. Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

  20. Berlin Wall • War possible over summer • Seeing weakness in Kennedy – Khrushchev builds wall • August 1961

  21. Check Point Charlie

  22. 1980’s and 2004

  23. Berlin Wall • US protests • USSR explodes a 58 Megaton bomb • US/USSR learn not to challenge each other

  24. Missile Crisis • Causes 13 day stand off • US sets up “Quarantine” • World on the Brink of Nuclear War • Agreement reached hours before attack • USSR pulls nukes out

  25. Lessons learned • China tells 3rd world USSR can’t be trusted • USSR can’t be equal to US • Everyone learned…. • “Our most basic common link is the fact that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.” (Kennedy) • Détente is pursued

  26. Reactions • Increase arms reduction talks • Europe rethinks relationship with US • America same goals – less military • Russians vow never to be humiliated again • Massive weapons build up • US sets up special forces – use technology not manpower • Flexible Response • NATO/France reconsider relationship

  27. Ich bin ein Berliner!(1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

  28. Vietnam • Goals were pure • Democracy • Land reform • US can live up to its commitments – stay and help • 1960: N. Vietnam calls for liberation of South from US • 1300 advisors • When Kennedy is shot – 15,000 advisors

  29. Vietnam • Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) becomes president • Increases advisors to 21,000 • 1964: Gulf of Tonkin • US Destroyers attacked • Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Blank check • Allows Johnson to expands war

  30. Vietnam • Feb 1965… US Airbase surrounded; 8 Americans killed • 12 hours later “Operation Rolling Thunder” begins by Secretary of State, Robert S. McNamara • LBJ picks the targets • Limitations on targets • Military advantage • Risk to aircraft • Danger of a wider war (most important) • Danger to civilians

  31. Vietnam • Bombing impact • Blew the country to bits • 1967 – more bombs dropped than on Europe during WWII • 1968 – more bombs than all of WWII • 1970 – more bombs than all bombs dropped in Human history • North does not give up

  32. Vietnam • LBJ greatly increases troop levels • April of 1965 – US Troops were fighting the war • US won most of the battles; however, we could not bring the war to a favorable end

  33. Meanwhile… • Protests increase at home • Senator Fulbright helps with hearings Burning Draft Cards John Kerry before Fulbright Committee

  34. Misuse by Johnson • Johnson orders CIA to spy on peace protesters • COINTELPRO – FBI • Violent and Non-violent protesters targeted • Civil Rights leaders

  35. Vietnam: Protests • Home Front • Tet Offensive turns many against war • 1968 – country divided • Many question America’s interests in world • Protests are held especially on college campuses

  36. Johnson’s popularity dropped in 1968 from 48% to 36%.

  37. Vietnam: Vietnamization • 1968 LBJ does not seek re-election. • Richard Nixon wins • Demo Convention • Democratic Party • Splits • Massive protests

  38. Vietnamization • How does Nixon change foreign policy? • Starts Vietnamization • Replace US troops with SV troops • Continue to supply aid • Bad choice, fails • Extends the war • Country more bitter • Costs lives and $

  39. Vietnam: Vietnamization • Vietnamization kills SV economy • Everything is based on US $ • Pop. of capital goes from 300,000 to 3 million – but no industry • US made SV 4th largest military power in world (1975) • People made $ two ways: Army, working for Americans

  40. My Lai Massacre

  41. Vietnam: Protests • War fought by underprivileged Americans • College students exempt • Attack on Cambodia

  42. Protests • Kent State Massacre • Nixon pulls troops from Cambodia • Pol Pot takes over

  43. Protest and Involvement • Congress Repeals Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • 26th Amendment

  44. The Protests Continue: Coast to Coast

  45. The Protests Continue: Coast to Coast

  46. Diplomacy • Nixon visits China 1972 • Works out trade – diplomatic relations • Keeps Soviets guessing • Nixon later heads to USSR for trade • Keeps China guessing

  47. Vietnam • 1972 – US troop levels down • Peace talks continued; NV breaks these • US Bombs the daylights out of NV • Gets peace treaty • US done January 1973 • Continues to send aid • Congress cuts it off

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