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Operational Level Lesson 7 Presentation

Operational Level Lesson 7 Presentation. Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3 rd Ed. Terrorism.

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Operational Level Lesson 7 Presentation

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  1. Operational Level Lesson 7 Presentation Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3rd Ed.

  2. Terrorism • The unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation Operational Level

  3. Weapons of Mass Destruction • Any weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of: • Toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors • A disease organism • Radiation or radiactivity According to the United States Code Operational Level

  4. Goals of Terrorist Operations • Recognition • Coercion • Intimidation • Provocation Operational Level

  5. Circumstances Faced that are Different from Routine Emergencies • Large numbers of casualties • Materials that first responders have little experience dealing with • Secondary events intended to incapacitate or delay emergency responders • Armed resistance • Use of weapons • Booby traps • Secondary contamination from handling patients Operational Level

  6. Potential Terrorist Targets • Public assembly occupancies and locations • Public buildings • Mass transit systems • Places with high economic impact • Telecommunications facilities • Places with historical or symbolic significance • Military installations • Airports • Industrial facilities Operational Level

  7. Cues to Consider thePossibility of Terrorism • A report of two or more medical emergencies in public locations such as a shopping mall, transportation hub, mass transit system, office building, assembly occupancy, or other public buildings • An unusually large number of people with similar signs and symptoms coming or being transported to physicians’ offices or medical emergency rooms (1 of 2) Operational Level

  8. Cues to Consider thePossibility of Terrorism • A reported explosion at a movie theater, department store, office building, government building, or a location with historical or symbolic significance (2 of 2) Operational Level

  9. Categories of Terrorist Attacks • Biological • Nuclear • Incendiary • Chemical • Explosive Operational Level

  10. Biological Attacks • Type of biological agents • Viral agents • Bacterial agents • Rickettsias • Biological toxins (1 of 6) Operational Level

  11. Biological Attacks • Indicators of terrorist activity involving biological agents • Unusual numbers of sick or dying people or animals • Unscheduled and unusual spray being disseminated • Abandoned spray devices (2 of 6) Operational Level

  12. Biological Attacks • Evidence of terrorist activity may be visible at the incident, OR • Terrorist activity may not be obviously evident (3 of 6) Operational Level

  13. Biological Attacks • Type A biological agents • Can be easily disseminated or transmitted person-to-person • Cause high mortality and subsequently have a major public health impact • Might cause public panic and social disruption • Requires special action for public health preparedness • Examples: Smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism (4 of 6) Operational Level

  14. Biological Attacks • Type B biological agents • Are moderately easy to disseminate • Cause moderate morbidity and low mortality • Require specific enhancements of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance • Examples: Brucellosis, epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens, glanders (5 of 6) Operational Level

  15. Biological Attacks • Type C biological agents — Emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of their: • Availability • Ease of production and dissemination • Potential for high morbidity and mortality and major health impact • Examples: Nipah virus, hantaviruses, tickborne hemorrhagic fever viruses (6 of 6) Operational Level

  16. Nuclear/Radiological Attacks • Three scenarios most likely: • Detonation of a conventional explosive device incorporating nuclear materials (commonly known as a dirty bomb) • An attack on a source of nuclear materials such as detonating a truck bomb in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant or radiological cargo in transport • Detonation (or threatening to detonate) a nuclear bomb, improvised nuclear device, or suitcase bomb (1 of 2) Operational Level

  17. Nuclear/Radiological Attacks • Types of nuclear/radiological bombs that terrorists might use • Dirty bomb • Atomic/nuclear device (bomb) • Improvised nuclear device (IND) • Suitcase bomb • Nuclear power plant sabotage or attack (2 of 2) Operational Level

  18. Incendiary Devices • Any mechanical, electrical, or chemical device used intentionally to initiate combustion and start a fire • Examples of easily made devices • Bottle, gasoline, rag, match (Molotov cocktail) • Low flashpoint flammable liquid and a candle • Match heads and sulfuric acid • Road flare ignited by a model rocket fuse (1 of 2) Operational Level

  19. Incendiary Devices • Indicators • Warning or threat of an attack • Accelerant odors • Multiple fires • Incendiary device components • Unexpectedly heavy burning or high temperatures • Unusually fast-burning fires • Unusual colored smoke or flames • Presence of propane or other flammable gas cylinders in unusual locations (2 of 2) Operational Level

  20. Chemical Attacks • The deliberate release of a toxic gas, liquid, or solid that can poison people and the environment • May involve chemical warfare agents or toxic industrial materials (TIMs) • Effects are usually noticed quickly, within minutes to hours • Results are usually disabling or fatal (1 of 5) Operational Level

  21. Chemical Attacks • Indicators of terrorist activity involving chemical agents • Dead animals/birds/fish • Lack of insect life • Unexplained odors • Pattern of casualties • Blisters/rashes (2 of 5) Operational Level

  22. Chemical Attacks • Indicators of terrorist activity involving chemical agents • Illness in confined area • Unusual liquid droplets • Different looking areas • Low-lying clouds (3 of 5) Operational Level

  23. Chemical Attacks • Indicators of terrorist activity involving chemical agents • Unusual metal debris • Unusual numbers of dying or sick people (mass casualties) (4 of 5) Operational Level

  24. Chemical Attacks • Chemical-agent types • Nerve agents • Blister agents (vesicants) • Blood agents (cyanide agents) • Choking agents (pulmonary or lung-damaging agents) • Riot control agents (irritants) • Toxic industrial materials (normal hazardous materials used for terrorist purposes) (5 of 5) Operational Level

  25. Nerve Agents • Attack the nervous system by affecting the transmission of impulses • Routes of entry • Inhalation • Through the skin • Symptoms • Increased production of saliva • Runny nose • Feeling of pressure on the chest (1 of 3) Operational Level

  26. Nerve Agents • Tabun (GA) — Usually a low-volatility persistent chemical agent that is taken up through skin contact and inhalation of the substance as a gas or aerosol; DOT hazard class 6.1 • Sarin (GB) — Usually a volatile nonpersistent chemical agent mainly taken up through inhalation; class 6.1 • Soman (GD) — Usually a moderately volatile chemical agent that can be taken up by inhalation or skin contact; class 6.1 (2 of 3) Operational Level

  27. Nerve Agents • Cyclohexyl sarin (GF) — A low-volatility persistent chemical agent that is taken up through skin contact and inhalation of the substance either as a gas or aerosol • V-agent (VX) — A low-volatility persistent chemical agent that can remain on material, equipment, and terrain for long periods; class 6.1 (3 of 3) Operational Level

  28. Blister Agents (Vesicants) • Burn and blister the skin or any other part of the body they contact • Groupings • Mustard agents • Examples: Sulfur mustards (class 6.1), nitrogen mustards (class 6.1) • Arsenical vesicants • Examples: Lewisite (class 6.1), mustard/lewisite mixture, phenyldichloroarsine • Halogenated oximes • Example: Phosgene oxime (no hazard class found) (1 of 2) Operational Level

  29. Blister Agents (Vesicants) • Routes of entry • Are readily absorbed by all parts of the body • Symptoms • Inflammation • Blisters • General destruction of tissues (2 of 2) Operational Level

  30. Blood Agents • Chemical asphyxiants that interfere with oxygen utilization at the cellular level • Types • Arsine (SA) (class 2.3) • Hydrogen cyanide (AC) (class 6.1) • Cyanogen chloride (CK) (class 2.3) Operational Level

  31. Choking Agents • Chemicals that attack the lungs causing tissue damage • Types • Phosgene (CG) (class 2.3) • Chlorine (CL) (class 2.3) Operational Level

  32. Riot Control Agents(Irritating Agents) • Chemical compounds that temporarily make people unable to function by causing immediate irritation to the eyes, mouth, throat, lungs, and skin • Types • Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS, tear gas) (class 6.1) • Chloroacetophenone (CN, mace) (class 6.1) • Dibenzoxazepine (CR) (class 6.1) • Chloropicrin (PS) (class 6.1) • Oleoresin capsicum (OC, pepper spray) (class 2.2) Operational Level

  33. Explosive Attack Classes • High explosives — Decompose extremely rapidly (almost instantaneously) • Examples: Plastic explosives, nitroglycerin, TNT, blasting caps, dynamite • Low explosives — Decompose rapidly, but don’t produce an explosive effect unless they’re confined; they deflagrate (burn rapidly) (1 of 3) Operational Level

  34. Explosive Attack Classes • Primary explosives — Are easily initiated and highly sensitive to heat • Examples: Lead azide, mercury fulminate, lead styphnate • Secondary explosives — Are designed to detonate only under specific circumstances; are less sensitive to heat or flame • Example: TNT • Propellants — Deflagrate rather than explode • Example: Black powder (2 of 3) Operational Level

  35. Explosive Attack Classes (3 of 3) Operational Level

  36. Commercial andMilitary Explosives • Ammonium nitrate — Is a common fertilizer that can be mixed with diesel fuel or oil to form an explosive mixture • Binary explosives — Are composed of two different chemical components, one a solid and one a liquid • Black powder — Is made from a mixture of potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal (1 of 8) Operational Level

  37. Commercial andMilitary Explosives • Composition C-4 — Is a mixture of cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine/cyclonite (RDX), polyisabutylene, and fuel oil • Dynamite • Straight — Contains nitroglycerin and an absorbent mixture such as saw dust and sodium nitrate • Ammonia-granular — Contains ammonium nitrate rather than nitroglycerin (2 of 8) Operational Level

  38. Commercial andMilitary Explosives • Dynamite • Semigelatin — Are similar to ammonia-granular, but have a small amount of guncotton and additional nitroglycerin added to form a gel • Straight gelatin — Is composed of blasting gelatin, a stiff gel made of nitroglycerin mixed with other ingredients, including guncotton and sodium nitrate • Ammonia gelatin — Is made by mixing ammonium nitrate and other ingredients with blasting gelatin; is waterproof and used for underwater applications (3 of 8) Operational Level

  39. Commercial andMilitary Explosives • Emulsion explosives — Are made by suspending or mixing tiny, submicroscopic droplets of an oxidizer in a fuel such as mineral oil or fuel oil • Guncotton (nitrocellulose, nitrocotton) — Is created by bathing cotton or purified wool cellulose in a mix of sulphuric and nitric acids (4 of 8) Operational Level

  40. Commercial andMilitary Explosives • HMX (high melting explosive) — Is a colorless solid that dissolves slightly in water • RDX (royal demolition explosive) — Is a white powder that is very explosive; is usually mixed with other materials; is used in detonation cord and blasting caps (5 of 8) Operational Level

  41. Commercial andMilitary Explosives • PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) — Is primarily used in booster and bursting charges of small caliber ammunition, in upper charges of small caliber ammunition, in upper charges of detonators in some land mines and shells, and as the explosive core of primacord (an explosive fuse) • SEMTEX — Is a highly malleable plastic explosive; is primarily composed of RDX and PETN (6 of 8) Operational Level

  42. Commercial andMilitary Explosives • Smokeless powder — Is an explosive propellant that was designed to replace black powder • TATB (triaminotrinitrobenzene) — Is a heat resistant, insensitive high explosive • Tetryl — Is used as an explosive component of chemical bombs, demolition blocks, and cast-shaped charges (7 of 8) Operational Level

  43. Commercial andMilitary Explosives • TNT — Is a yellow, odorless solid; is used in military shells, bombs, grenades, in industrial uses, and in underwater blasting • Water gels — Were originally composed of ammonium nitrate, TNT, and gelatinizing agents; more recent versions may contain aluminum and other metallic fuels (8 of 8) Operational Level

  44. Improvised Explosive Devices(IEDs) • Are explosive devices that are constructed in an improvised manner • Are categorized by their container • Are homemade and usually constructed for a specific target • Usually have a firing train that consists of a fusing system, detonator, and main charge Operational Level

  45. Types of IEDs • Vehicle bombs • Pipe bombs • Satchel/backpack/knapsack/briefcase, or box bomb • Mail/package/letter bomb • Plastic bottle bombs • Fireworks • M-devices • CO2 grenades • Tennis ball bombs Operational Level

  46. Clandestine Labs • Labs set up to produce or manufacture illegal or controlled substances such as drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, or biological agents • Clandestine drug labs • 80-90% of clandestine drug labs are set up to produce methamphetamine; first responders should be familiar with the products and equipment used in these labs • Are extremely dangerous for responders due to the fact that the chemicals used are often highly flammable, corrosive, and toxic Operational Level

  47. Products Commonly Used in Making Methamphetamine • Acetone • Anhydrous ammonia • Ephedrine • Ethyl alcohol/denatured alcohol/ethanol/grain alcohol • Hydrochloric acid/muriatic acid • Hydrogen peroxide • Hypophosphorous acid • Iodine • Isopropyl alcohol • Lithium metal • Methyl alcohol (1 of 2) Operational Level

  48. Products Commonly Used in Making Methamphetamine • Mineral spirits/ petroleum distillate • Naphtha • Pseudoephedrine • Red phosphorous • Sodium hydroxide • Sulfuric acid • Toluene • Hydrogen chloride • Phosphine gas • Hydrogen iodide/ hydriodic acid gas • Hydriodic acid (2 of 2) Operational Level

  49. Equipment Commonly Used in Making Methamphetamine • Condenser tubes • Filters • Funnels/turkey basters • Gas containers • Glassware • Heat source • Grinders • pH papers • Tubing Operational Level

  50. Clues to the Presence of Methamphetamine Labs • Windows covered with plastic or tin foil • Renters who pay landlords in cash • Unusual security systems or other devices • Excessive trash • Increased activity, especially at night • Unusual structures (1 of 2) Operational Level

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