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How are bones held together?

How are bones held together?. Is it a direct or indirect link?. JOINTS. A joint, or articulation , is the place where two bones come together . Bones are held together by ligaments which makes it an indirect link. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint. Bone Joints.

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How are bones held together?

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  1. How are bones held together? Is it a direct or indirect link?

  2. JOINTS A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together.Bones are held together by ligaments which makes it an indirect link. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint

  3. Bone Joints • There are three types of joints classified by the amount of movement they allow: • immovable • slightly movable • freely movable.

  4. Immovable: • Bones that are in very close contact and are separated only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. • Example: sutures between the skull bones.

  5. Semi-movable joints: • Bones that are connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro cartilage). • The ribs that connect to the sternum are an example of a semi- movable joint.

  6. Freely movable joints: • Most of the joints in the adult human body are freely movable joints. • There are 4 types of freely movable joints: • Ball and socket • Pivot joint • Hinge joint • Gliding joint

  7. 1. Ball and Socket Joint • Bone with a rounded end that fits into a cuplike cavity on another bone •  ex: shoulder joint: scapula to humerus http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

  8. 2. Pivot Joint • One bone rotates in a ring of another bone that does not move • ex: radius and ulna • ex: neck joint http://www.funhousefilms.com/b-pivot2.jpg

  9. 3. Hinge Joint Back-and-forth movement like hinges on a door  ex: elbow joint (humerus into radius) http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

  10. 4. Gliding Joint • One part of a bone slides over another bone •  ex: carpals into metacarpals http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

  11. Mechanics of Joints • Joint mobility makes it possible for our limbs to perform various movements: • Flexion and extension • Abduction and adduction • Rotation

  12. Extension and Flexion • Extension increases the angle between two bones. • Flexion decreases this angle.

  13. Abduction and Adduction • Abduction increases the distance between a limb and the body’s midline position • Adduction decreases this distance

  14. Rotation • Rotation is the movement of a bone around an axis

  15. Review Questions • What are the main functions of the skeletal system? • Describe the epiphysis, diaphysis and periosteum. • What are the 4 categories of bone and give an example of each type. • Compare and contrast compact bone and spongy bone • What is cartilage and what is its function? • What is the difference between a sprain and fracture and a dislocation? • What are the different types of joints and what are some examples of each in your body? • Describe the various types of movements that your limbs perform

  16. Review Questions- Answers • What are the main functions of the skeletal system? • provides shape and support • protects internal organs • moves body • forms blood cells • stores calcium and phosphorous compounds for later use 2) Describe the 3 living layers of bone. Diaphysis: middle section of the bone; where yellow marrow is produced Epiphysis: ends of the bone; where red marrow is produced Periosteum: thin membrane that encloses the bone Responsible for growth in width of the bone

  17. 3) What are the 4 categories of bone and give an example of each type. • Long: femur, humerus • short: carpals, tarsals • flat: skull • irregular: vertebrae 4) Compare and contrast compact bone and spongy bone Compact Bone • Directly under the periosteum • Hard, strong layer • Gives bones strength • Contains deposits of calcium phosphate • Contains bone cells and blood vessels • Spongy Bone • Located under the compact bone • Has many small, open spaces that make bones lightweight • Filled with a substance called marrow

  18. 5) What is cartilage and what is it’s function? Cartilage is a smooth, slippery, thick layer of tissue that covers the ends of bones. It acts as a shock absorber and makes movement easier by reducing friction. 6) What is the difference between a sprain and fracture and a dislocation? Facture: breaking of bone Sprain: stretching or tearing of ligament Dislocation: bone popping out of socket

  19. 7) What are the different types of joints and what are some examples of each in your body? - Immovable joint: cranium - Semi-movable joint: ribs to sternum - Moveable joints: ball and socket (shoulder), hinge (elbow), pivot (neck), gliding (wrist) 8) Describe the various types of movements that your limbs perform. • flexion (decrease angle) and extension (increase angle) • abduction (increase distance) and adduction (decrease distance) • rotation (movement around an axis)

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