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Lecture 4

Lecture 4. INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOVEMENTS. By Carlos Llano, References for the slides: Krugman y Obsfeld : International Economics. Pearson. 2006. UNCTAD (2011). WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT. Paul Antr à s : http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/14-54Fall-2006/DownloadthisCourse/index.htm.

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Lecture 4

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  1. Lecture 4 INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOVEMENTS • By Carlos Llano, • References for the slides: • Krugman y Obsfeld: International Economics. Pearson. 2006. • UNCTAD (2011). WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT. • Paul Antràs: http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/14-54Fall-2006/DownloadthisCourse/index.htm

  2. Motivación “The extension and use of railroads, steamships, telegraphs, break down nationalities and bring peoples geographically remote into close connection commercially and politically. They make the world one, and capital, like water, tends to a common level.” David Livingstone, reflecting on his experiences in Africa in the 1850s.

  3. Index • Introduction • International Labor Mobility • Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Firms • Extensions.

  4. Balance of Payments

  5. 1. Introduction • International Trade: movement of goods and services. • The easiest way of economic integration. • Other ways of integration: mobility of factors of production: • Immigration (labor mobility). • Capital transferences through international lending. • International Investments with the aim of permanence: FDI and multinational firms.

  6. 2. International Labor Mobility One-Good Model Without Factor Mobility • Hypothesis of the model: • 2 countries (Home, Foreign). • 2 factors of production: Land (T) and Labor (L). • Both countries produce only one good. • Both countries have the same technology but different overall land-labor endowments (T/L ratios). • Home is abundant in L, Foreign is abundant in T. • Perfect competition in all markets.

  7. Production: Q Q(T, L) Labor: L 2. International Labor Mobility An Economy’s Production Function

  8. 2. International Labor Mobility MPL The Marginal Product of Labor (MPL) MPL Rents Real Wage Wages L

  9. 2. International Labor Mobility www.youtube.com/watch?v=gurlpLOyubA

  10. 2. International Labor Mobility

  11. 2. International Labor Mobility • Migration: workers are able to move between the two countries. • Nationals will want to move to Foreign until the MPL (wage) equals the one at Home. • This movement will reduce the Home’s Labor Force, and thus raises the real wage in Home. • This movement rises the labor force and reduces the real wage in Foreign.

  12. 2. International Labor Mobility MPL MPL* B A C MPL MPL* Home Employment L2 L1 Foreign Employment O* O Migration of labor from Home to Foreign Total world labor force Causes and effects of International Labor Mobility Marginal Product of Labor

  13. 2. International Labor Mobility • Effects of the re-distribution of the world labor force: • It leads to a convergence of real wage rates. • It increases the world’s output as a whole … … but it produces loses in some groups: • Which groups? • Those who would originally have worked in Home receive higher real wages (because of less competition and a higher MPL). Inversely in Foreign. • The “land-owners” in Home are hurt since they have to pay higher wages, while the land-owners in Foreign will benefit from the larger labor supply (+ competition, - W).

  14. 2. International Labor Mobility • Extension: we could modify the model by adding some complications: • We assume that the 2 countries produce 2 goods, 1 is labor intensive (L) and the other is Land intensive (T). • In this case, “trade” offers an alternative to factor mobility: • Home and Foreign could specialize according to its factor endowment (H-O) • Home could export Labor (L) and import land (T), just by exporting the good “intensive in L” and “importing the good intensive in T.

  15. 2. International Labor Mobility • Doubt:Then, is factor mobility an obstacle for trade? • In theory it is, but in practice there is space for both of them. • Trade is not a perfect substitutive of factor mobility. • Why? The HOV Model does not work perfectly: • The equalization of factor prices is not produced in the real world: countries are very different and they tend to specialize. • There are barriers to trade: natural and artificial. • There are many differences in technology as long as in natural resources. • Many “services” can’t move and/or be commercialized. • Trade produced by “economies of scale” implies factor mobility “between regions” or “between industries”.

  16. 3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Multinationals Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): • It refers to international capital flows in which a firm in one country expands or creates a subsidiary in another. • It involves not only a transfer of resources but also the acquisition of control. • The subsidiary does not simply have a financial obligation to the “related” company (Ex: interests) but a “political” relationship of being part of the same organizational structure.

  17. 3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Multinationals Multinational Firms: • They are a vehicle for international borrowing and lending. Differences between FDI and multinationals (Lipsey, 2003) • MNE borrow in local markets. • FDI does not always involves taking the control. Why choosing FDI vs. other ways of internationalization? Two theories: • Location theory • Internalization theory

  18. 3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Multinationals Location theory • A good can be produced in more than a country because of different factors: • Natural resources; transportation cost (metallurgy; refinery); trade barriers (pharmaceuticals). Internalization theory • The same good is produced in different locations by the same firm instead of different firms, making use of intra-firm technology transfer, management and finance ( and taxes). • Technology transfer; • Vertical Integration.

  19. 3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Multinationals What is the relative importance of the multinationals? • They play an important role in world trade and investment. 10% of the world GDP is produced by foreign subsidiaries ½ of the U.S. imports are transactions between “related parties” (intra-firm flow) 24% of U.S. Assets abroad consists of the value of foreign subsidiaries of U.S. firms.

  20. FDI UNCTAD’S REPORT 2011. International production is expanding, with foreign sales, employment and assets of transnational corporations (TNCs) all increasing. • TNCs’ production generated value-added = $16 trillion in 2010, (1/4 of global GDP. • Foreign affiliates of TNCs: • > 10% of global GDP. • 1/3 world exports.

  21. Global FDI flows rose moderately to $1.24 trillion in 2010, but were still 15% below their pre-crisis average. In contrast, global industrial output and trade, are back to pre-crisis levels. (FDI is more volatile than trade) • UNCTAD estimates that global FDI will recover to its pre-crisis level in 2011, increasing to $1.4–1.6 trillion, and approach its 2007 peak in 2013.

  22. FDI TRENDS AND PROSPECTS (UNCTAD’S WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2011. • In 2010, developing and transition economies together attracted more than half of global FDI flows. • Outward FDI from those economies also reached record highs, with most of their investment directed towards other countries in the South (South-South FDI). • FDI inflows to developed countries continued to decline. • The poorest regions continued to see declines in FDI flows: Flows to Africa, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States fell, as did flows to South Asia. • Major emerging regions, such as East and South-East Asia and Latin America experienced strong growth in FDI inflows.

  23. FDI TRENDS AND PROSPECTS (UNCTAD’S WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2011)

  24. Fragmentation the production chain: an example

  25. FDI TRENDS AND PROSPECTS (UNCTAD’S WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2011). • State-owned TNCs are an important emerging source of FDI. • There are at least 650 State-owned TNCs, with 8,500 foreign affiliates across the globe. • While they represent less than 1 % of TNCs, their outward investment accounted for 11 % of global FDI in 2010. • The ownership and governance of State-owned TNCs have raised concerns in some host countries.

  26. The relevance of Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)

  27. 4. Extensions • Trade, productivity and foreign market entry decisions: • Export vs. FDI: (Head and Ries, 2003, Helpman, 2004, Girma and Kneller, 2003) • Export vs. FDI with symmetric countries: Markusen and Venables (2000) • Export vs. FDI with heterogeneous firms: (Melitz, 2003; Helpman, Melitz y Yeaple, 2004)

  28. 4. Extensions Vertical vs Horizontal FDI: • Horizontal FDI: • Trade and FDI are substitutive. • References: (Brainard, 1997…). • Vertical FDI: • Trade and FDI are complementary. • References: (Helpman, 1984; Antràs, 2003; Hanson et al, 2003; Yeaple, 2003).

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