Section 1 manuscript edit

1. Section 1manuscript edit Part 1. Titles and Subtitles

2. In this section, You will learn how to use the following subsections in titles and subtitles • 2.1.1 Titles and Subtitles • 2.1.2 Quotation Marks • 2.1.3 Numbers • 2.1.4 Drugs • 2.1.5 Genus and Species • 2.1.6 Abbreviations • 2.1.7 Capitalization • 2.1.8 Names of Cities, Counties, States, Provinces, and Countries

3. Titles and Subtitles: Rightand Wrong Examples Cocaine Use and Homicide Among Men in New York City Titles should be concise, specific, and informative and should contain the key points of the work. For scientific manuscripts, overly general titles are not desirable Cocaine Use and Homicide general titles

4. Titles and Subtitles: Right or Wrong Examples The subtitle should be expanded on the titleIt should not contain key elements of the study as a supplement to an overly general title. Racial Differences in Hospitalization Rates for Congestive Heart Failure Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure: Explaining Racial Differences Medical and Legal Issues in the Cardiovascular Evaluation of Competitive athletes cardiovascular Evaluation of Competitive Athletes: Medical and Legal Issues

5. Titles and Subtitles: Right or Wrong Examples Subtitles of scientific manuscripts may be used to amplify the title; however, the main title should be able to stand alone City Pemphigus With Features of Lupus Erythematosus An Unusual Type of Pemphigus: Combining Features of Lupus Erythematosus

6. Titles and Subtitles: Right or Wrong Examples Phrases such as “Role of,” “Effects of,” “Treatment of,” “Use of,” and “Report of a Case of” can often be omittedfrom both titles and subtitles. Effect of Smoking on Lung Cancer Risk Smoking and Lung Cancer Risk Gastric Acid–Suppressive Agents and the Risk of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile–Associated Disease Use of Gastric Acid–Suppressive Agents and Risk of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile–Associated Disease Note: Sometimes, especially in randomized controlled trials, in which causality can be demonstrated, the use of such phrases as “effects of” is appropriate

7. Titles and Subtitles: Right or Wrong Examples Prevalence of Fibromyalgia in Patients With PostpoliomyelitisSyndrom Do not use Declarative sentences in scientific article titles Fibromyalgia Is Common in a Postpoliomyelitis Clinic Television Viewing and Social Isolation: Roles of Exposure Time, Viewing Context, and Violent Content Similarly questions should not be used for titles of scientific manuscripts. Fibromyalgia Is Common in a Postpoliomyelitis Clinic

8. Titles and Subtitles: Right or Wrong Examples Physical Rehabilitation for Frail Nursing Home Residents: A Randomized Controlled Trial Randomized controlled trials should be identified in the title or subtitle Incidence of Multiple Primary Melanoma: Two-Year Results From a Population-Based Study Other aspects of study design or methods may be included in the title or subtitle. Oxycodone for Cancer-Related Pain: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial

9. Titles and Subtitles: Right or Wrong Examples subtitle will contain the name of the group responsible for the study or acronym Lowering Dietary Intake of Fat and Cholesterol in Children With Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels: The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC)

10. Titles and Subtitles: Quotation marks If quotation marks are required in the title or subtitle, they should be double, not single Above All “Do No Harm”: How Can Errors Be Avoided in Medicine?

11. Titles and Subtitles: Numbers Numbers must be spelt out if they appear at the beginning of a title or subtitle Seventy-five Years of the Archives of Surgery: 1920 to 1995

12. Titles and Subtitles: Drugs 1) use the approved generic or nonproprietary name If drug names appear in the title or subtitle, 2) avoid the use of proprietary names unless the number of ingredients is so large several products are being compared The article is specific to a particular formulation of a drug

13. Titles and Subtitles: Genus and Species Genus and species should be italicizedin the title or subtitle initial capital letter should be used for the genus but not the species name

14. Titles and Subtitles: Abbreviations space considerations require an exception the title or subtitle includes the name of a group that is best known by its acronym Avoid the use of abbreviations in the title and subtitle Except for : Prevalence of HIV-1 in Blood Donations Following Implementation of a Structured Blood Safety Policy in South Africa Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials: An Extension of the CONSORT Statement

15. Titles and Subtitles: Capitalization • Capitalize • the first letter of each major word in titles and subtitles • Do capitalize a 2-letter verb(Is or Be) • compound terms from languages other than English • phrasal verbs • Ethical Questions Surrounding In Vitro Fertilization • Weighing In on Bariatric Surgery • Do not Capitalize • articles (eg, a, an, the) • prepositions of 3 or fewer letters • coordinating conjunctions (and, or, for, nor, but) • the to in infinitives • Universal Screening for Tuberculosis Infection: School’s Out!

16. Names of Cities, Counties, States, Provinces, and Countries Include cities, states, counties, provinces, or countries in titles only when essential Epidemic of Gang-Related Homicides in Los Angeles County From 1999 Through 2004 Identification of a New Neisseria meningitidisSerogroup Clone From Anhui Province, China